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What is Addison's disease?
- A. Addison's disease is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.
- B. Addison's disease involves the overproduction of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.
- C. Addison's disease involves the overproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
- D. Addison's disease involves the underproduction of androgens by the adrenal medulla.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones, mainly cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. This deficiency in steroid hormone production is typically caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Without enough cortisol and aldosterone, various symptoms may arise, such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin discoloration. Therefore, option A accurately describes the nature of Addison's disease.
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Which of the following causes of Cushing's syndrome does the phrase "Cushing's disease" specifically refer to?
- A. Iatrogenic
- B. Ectopic ACTH production
- C. Pituitary adenoma
- D. Adrenal adenoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The phrase "Cushing's disease" specifically refers to the cause of Cushing's syndrome that is due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. In this specific case, the excess production of ACTH leads to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and oversecretion of cortisol. It is important to differentiate between Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) and other causes such as adrenal adenomas, ectopic ACTH production, or iatrogenic sources.
The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are found on the ______.
- A. plasma membrane
- B. nuclear envelope
- C. mitochondria
- D. lysosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are typically found on the plasma membrane of target cells. These hormones are large or polar molecules that cannot easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating signaling pathways that eventually lead to changes within the cell. Once the peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane, secondary messenger systems are activated to relay the signal into the cell and initiate the appropriate cellular response. This distinct mechanism of action highlights the importance of the plasma membrane as the location of receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones.
Regarding syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which is true?
- A. Hyponatremia is dilutional
- B. Urine is relatively hypertonic to plasma
- C. ADH-mediated water reabsorption does not occur
- D. Renal function is jeopardized
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), there is excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to increased water reabsorption in the kidney tubules. This results in dilutional hyponatremia because the amount of water reabsorbed is greater than the electrolytes, such as sodium, leading to a relative decrease in their concentration in the blood. As a result, hyponatremia occurs in SIADH, contributing to symptoms such as nausea, confusion, and seizures due to the imbalance in electrolytes.
Which of the following are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Tremor
- B. Weight gain
- C. Heat intolerance
- D. Diarrhoea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tremor (A): Tremors or shaky hands are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is due to the increased metabolic rate caused by excess thyroid hormone in the body.
Parathyroid hormone:
- A. increases deposition of calcium in bones.
- B. causes development of goitre.
- C. is the molecule formed when T4 and T3 are degraded.
- D. is secreted in increased amounts when blood calcium level is below normal.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. Its main function is to raise calcium levels in the blood by acting on the bones, kidneys, and intestines. PTH stimulates the release of calcium from the bones, enhances the absorption of calcium by the intestines, and promotes the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys. Therefore, it is secreted in increased amounts when blood calcium levels are below normal in order to maintain overall calcium balance in the body.