Nokea
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is not associated with:
- A. Cataract
- B. Raised level of plasma PIH
- C. Mental retardation
- D. Reduced level of plasma phosphate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare genetic disorder that mimics the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism, despite normal or elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The condition is characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and normal or elevated PTH levels. However, it is not associated with a raised level of plasma PIH (Parathyroid Inhibiting Hormone). In pseudohypoparathyroidism, the body's tissues are resistant to the action of PTH, leading to impaired calcium regulation. Other common features of pseudohypoparathyroidism may include cataract formation, mental retardation, and reduced levels of plasma phosphate.
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Which of the following are causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
- A. Sheehan's syndrome
- B. Lithium
- C. Mutations in the vasopressin (ADH) receptor gene
- D. Mutations in vasopressin gene
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a condition where the kidneys are unable to respond to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) as they should, leading to excessive urination and extreme thirst. One of the main causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is the use of certain medications, with lithium being the most common culprit. Lithium can interfere with the kidney's response to ADH, resulting in decreased water reabsorption and the characteristic symptoms of diabetes insipidus. Other causes of NDI can include genetic mutations affecting the vasopressin receptor gene or other underlying conditions such as hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, or obstructive uropathy.
"Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome' may be found in all except:
- A. Myxoedema
- B. Chronic alcoholism
- C. Obesity
- D. Depression
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome is a condition that mimics the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome but is not actually caused by excess cortisol production by the adrenal glands. It can be caused by various conditions such as chronic alcoholism, obesity, depression, and certain medications. However, myxoedema (also known as severe hypothyroidism) is not typically associated with pseudo-Cushing's syndrome. Myxoedema is characterized by low thyroid hormone levels, which would not lead to the symptoms of pseudo-Cushing's syndrome.
Which age group does acromegaly most commonly affect?
- A. 30-50 years
- B. 10-25 years
- C. 55-70 years
- D. 25-40 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly most commonly affects individuals in the age group of 30-50 years. This condition is typically diagnosed in adults between these ages. Acromegaly is often caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adults, which leads to excessive bone growth and tissue expansion. While acromegaly can develop at any age, it is more commonly seen in adults within the 30-50 age range.
Oxytocin:
- A. is bound to neurophysin in plasma.
- B. inhibits production of milk.
- C. inhibits myometrial contraction.
- D. inhibits sperm swimming on the gonad.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. In the bloodstream, oxytocin is mostly bound to a carrier protein called neurophysin. This binding helps to protect oxytocin from being degraded too quickly in the bloodstream, thus allowing it to exert its effects on target tissues such as the uterus and mammary glands. Oxytocin plays important roles in stimulating uterine contractions during labor, facilitating milk letdown during breastfeeding, and promoting social bonding and emotional connections.
Which of the following statements best describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- A. Inflammation of the thyroid gland as the result of a virus. The disease is often preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection.
- B. A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin.
- C. Iodine deficiency
- D. thyroid gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. The antibodies produced by the immune system target the thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland, leading to its destruction over time. This results in decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism. Therefore, choice B, "A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin," best describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis.