Nokea
Excessive eating despite plenty of glucose in the blood is called:
- A. acidosis.
- B. polyuria.
- C. polydipsia.
- D. polyphagia.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: polyphagia. Polyphagia is the medical term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels in the blood, commonly seen in conditions like diabetes mellitus. This excessive hunger is due to the body's inability to use glucose effectively, leading to a constant feeling of hunger.
A: Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the blood, not related to excessive eating.
B: Polyuria is excessive urination, not directly related to excessive eating.
C: Polydipsia is excessive thirst, also not directly related to excessive eating.
In summary, polyphagia is the correct term for excessive eating despite adequate glucose levels, while the other choices are unrelated to this specific symptom.
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The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of __________.
- A. pancreatic hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. catecholamines
- D. pituitary gland hormones
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: steroid hormones. Steroid hormones are known to regulate gene expression by binding to specific receptors and influencing transcription processes. They can directly affect the transcription of new messenger RNA in the cell. Pancreatic hormones (A), catecholamines (C), and pituitary gland hormones (D) are not directly involved in the transcription of new messenger RNA. Pancreatic hormones primarily regulate blood sugar levels, catecholamines are involved in the fight-or-flight response, and pituitary gland hormones regulate various functions such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
The pituitary gland is related laterally to:
- A. The cavernous sinus
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Diaphragma sellae
- D. Optic chiasma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
Step 2: The cavernous sinus is a venous sinus located on each side of the sella turcica.
Step 3: The pituitary gland lies laterally to the cavernous sinus.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A: The cavernous sinus.
Summary: B is incorrect as the hypothalamus is superior to the pituitary gland. C is incorrect as the diaphragma sellae is a part of the dura mater covering the pituitary gland. D is incorrect as the optic chiasma is located superior to the pituitary gland.
Which form of intestinal smooth muscle contraction does NOT occur in normal health?
- A. peristalsis
- B. weak antiperistalsis
- C. peristaltic rushes
- D. tonic contractions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: peristaltic rushes. Peristaltic rushes are abnormal and excessive contractions that can result in diarrhea or bowel urgency. In normal health, peristalsis (A) is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles that moves contents along the digestive tract. Weak antiperistalsis (B) refers to reverse contractions that are weaker than normal peristalsis. Tonic contractions (D) are sustained contractions that help maintain muscle tone and control flow. Therefore, peristaltic rushes are the only option that does not occur in normal health due to their abnormal and disruptive nature.
Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT:
- A. catalyze cyclic AMP
- B. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
- C. enter the nucleus
- D. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Steroids are lipid-soluble molecules, allowing them to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells.
Step 2: Once inside the cell, steroids can enter the nucleus to bind to specific receptors and regulate gene expression.
Step 3: Steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP; this function is typically associated with non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is A because steroids do not catalyze cyclic AMP, unlike other hormones.