Nokea
Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine:
- A. are all secreted by the adrenal gland.
- B. expand blood volume.
- C. raise blood glucose levels.
- D. stimulate osteoclastic activity.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: raise blood glucose levels. Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine all work together to increase blood glucose levels through various mechanisms. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, growth hormone promotes gluconeogenesis, cortisol increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis and inhibiting glucose uptake, and epinephrine triggers glycogen breakdown and inhibits insulin release. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because not all of these hormones are secreted by the adrenal gland, they do not directly expand blood volume, and they do not stimulate osteoclastic activity, respectively.
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The antagonistic hormone to aldosterone is ____.
- A. atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
- B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- C. cortisol.
- D. glucagon.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH). ANH opposes the actions of aldosterone by promoting salt and water excretion, thus reducing blood volume and blood pressure. ANH is released in response to high blood pressure or high blood volume.
B: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not the antagonistic hormone to aldosterone; it acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance.
C: cortisol is a stress hormone and is not directly involved in regulating sodium and water balance.
D: glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels and is not related to the regulation of aldosterone.
A patient with diabetes insipidus is treated with nasal desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). The nurse determines that the drug is not having an adequate therapeutic effect when the patient experiences
- A. Headache and weight gain.
- B. A urine specific gravity of 1.002.
- C. Nasal irritation and nausea.
- D. An oral intake greater than urinary output.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: If the drug is not effective, the patient's urine specific gravity will remain low (1.002), indicating continued inability to concentrate urine.
Adrenaline can produce all of the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Relaxation of bronchial muscle
- B. Increases cardiac contractility
- C. Increases intestinal motility
- D. Increases sweat secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone that activates the fight-or-flight response. It causes bronchial muscle relaxation (A), increases cardiac contractility (B), and increases sweat secretion (D) to prepare the body for action. However, adrenaline inhibits intestinal motility (C) to conserve energy for vital functions during stressful situations. Therefore, the correct answer is C because adrenaline does not increase intestinal motility. Relaxation of bronchial muscle, increased cardiac contractility, and increased sweat secretion are all effects of adrenaline, making choices A, B, and D incorrect, respectively.
The bones, kidneys, and intestine are target organs of this calcium-regulator hormone.
- A. T3 and T4
- B. PTH
- C. ACTH
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in the body by acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine. PTH stimulates release of calcium from bones, reabsorption of calcium in kidneys, and absorption of calcium in the intestine. T3 and T4 are thyroid hormones that do not directly regulate calcium levels. ACTH is adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands. Oxytocin is a hormone involved in labor and lactation, not calcium regulation.
Atropine has the following side effects EXCEPT:
- A. Dry mouth
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Blurred vision
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diarrhea. Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that typically causes dry mouth, tachycardia, and blurred vision as side effects due to its mechanism of blocking acetylcholine receptors. However, diarrhea is not a common side effect of atropine. It is important to differentiate the expected side effects of a drug from those that are not commonly associated with it based on its pharmacological actions.