Nokea
Steroids:
- A. are secreted by the adrenal medulla.
- B. include the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
- C. stimulate the membranes of the target cells to produce the second chemical messenger, cAMP.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because steroids include glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which are hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoids regulate metabolism and immune response, mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance, and androgens are male sex hormones.
Choice A is incorrect because steroids are secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Choice C is incorrect because steroids act by entering the target cells and binding to intracellular receptors, not by stimulating second messengers like cAMP. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are not secreted by the pancreas; instead, the pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon.
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Atropine:
- A. Is a competitive neuromuscular blocker
- B. Induces bradycardia
- C. Stimulates GIT motility and secretion
- D. Produces mydriasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that blocks muscarinic receptors.
Step 2: Blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye leads to dilation of the pupil, known as mydriasis.
Step 3: Therefore, the correct answer is D, as atropine indeed produces mydriasis.
Summary: A is incorrect because atropine is not a neuromuscular blocker. B is incorrect as atropine actually induces tachycardia. C is incorrect as atropine inhibits GIT motility and secretion.
Mr. Olson, a 55-year-old, adult-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetic is on a 1500 diabetic diet. He wants to have his nightly bourbon and water. The nurse should explain that
- A. each ounce of alcohol contains approximately 50 calories
- B. the bourbon should be mixed with 7-Up or ginger-ale rather than water
- C. the caloric content of the alcohol must be subtracted from the total diet prescription
- D. Fermented spirits (beer, wine) would be better if he insists on a nightly drink
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alcohol contains approximately 50 calories per ounce, and this must be considered in the patient's daily caloric intake.
Which of the following hormones helps conserve water during dehydration?
- A. Atrial natriuretic peptide
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Thyroxine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone is the correct answer because it acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of sodium and water, helping conserve water during dehydration. Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium excretion, oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, and thyroxine regulates metabolism.
This is a strange day for you in the emergency department. Now you have to treat another normovolemic patient with acute drug-induced hypotension, and give the usually correct and effective dose of phenylephrine. This time the drug causes a vasopressor response that is far greater than you've ever encountered: systolic pressure rises dramatically, if not dangerously. Which of the following drugs did the patient most likely take an overdose of?
- A. Atenolol
- B. Bethanechol
- C. Prazosin
- D. Reserpine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Reserpine. Reserpine is a drug that depletes catecholamines like norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve endings, leading to a prolonged and exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine. This results in a dramatic increase in blood pressure when phenylephrine is given.
Rationale:
1. Atenolol (A) is a beta-blocker and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
2. Bethanechol (B) is a cholinergic agonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
3. Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist and would not lead to a vasopressor response.
In summary, Reserpine is the correct answer because it depletes catecholamines, leading to an exaggerated response to sympathomimetic drugs like phenylephrine, resulting in
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.
- A. diabetes mellitus
- B. cellular inhibition
- C. down-regulation
- D. metabolism of protein kinases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: down-regulation. Prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations can lead to down-regulation, where cells decrease their responsiveness to the hormone by reducing the number of hormone receptors. This is a regulatory mechanism to prevent overstimulation.
A: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, usually caused by insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, not directly related to prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
B: Cellular inhibition is a broad term that may refer to various cellular processes being inhibited, but it is not a specific phenomenon resulting from prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.
D: Metabolism of protein kinases is a cellular process involved in signal transduction, but it is not a direct consequence of prolonged exposure to high hormone concentrations.