Nokea
Excessive traction and twisting of the neck during delivery of the shoulders in SVD could lead to
- A. Erb’s palsy
- B. Radial palsy
- C. Torticollis
- D. Ecchymosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Erb’s palsy. Excessive traction and twisting of the neck during shoulder delivery can stretch or tear the brachial plexus nerves, leading to Erb’s palsy. This results in weakness or paralysis of the arm. Radial palsy (B) involves injury to the radial nerve, not typically caused by shoulder delivery. Torticollis (C) is a condition characterized by neck muscle contracture, not caused by excessive traction during delivery. Ecchymosis (D) refers to bruising and is not directly related to neck traction during delivery. In summary, Erb’s palsy is the correct choice due to the specific nerve injury pattern associated with excessive neck traction during shoulder delivery.
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How can maternal smoking during pregnancy affect fetal development?
- A. Causes low birth weight
- B. Increases the risk of preterm birth
- C. Affects lung development
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Maternal smoking during pregnancy can affect fetal development in multiple ways. Smoking can cause low birth weight by restricting oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, leading to growth issues. It can also increase the risk of preterm birth due to the harmful chemicals in cigarette smoke. Furthermore, smoking can affect lung development in the fetus, leading to respiratory issues. Therefore, the correct answer is D - All of the above, as maternal smoking can have a comprehensive impact on fetal development, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and lung development issues.
The MAIN clinical feature of puerperal psychosis is
- A. Episodic insomnia
- B. Neglect of hygiene
- C. Major depression
- D. Mild headache
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, major depression. Puerperal psychosis is a severe mental health condition that occurs in the postpartum period, characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Major depression is a key clinical feature, often accompanied by mood disturbances and severe emotional distress.
Rationale:
- A: Episodic insomnia is a common symptom in various mental health disorders but not specific to puerperal psychosis.
- B: Neglect of hygiene may occur in severe cases but is not the main clinical feature of puerperal psychosis.
- D: Mild headache is not a characteristic symptom of puerperal psychosis, which is primarily marked by severe psychiatric symptoms.
A clinical feature that is indicative of transient tachypnea of the newborn is
- A. Rapid respirations of up to 120/minute
- B. There’s marked recession of the rib cage
- C. Mostly common following a normal delivery
- D. Diminished respirations of less than 40/minute
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Transient tachypnea of the newborn is characterized by rapid respirations due to delayed reabsorption of fetal lung fluid.
Step 2: Rapid respirations of up to 120/minute is a common clinical feature seen in newborns with transient tachypnea.
Step 3: This rapid breathing pattern distinguishes it from other conditions.
Step 4: Marked recession of the rib cage is more indicative of respiratory distress syndrome.
Step 5: Transient tachypnea can occur in both normal and cesarean deliveries, so choice C is incorrect.
Step 6: Diminished respirations of less than 40/minute would not be expected in transient tachypnea.
Summary: Choice A is correct because rapid respirations are a key clinical feature of transient tachypnea, while the other choices do not align with its characteristic presentation.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment for cancer is given to facilitate surgical resection. When the outcomes of cancer therapies are evaluated, the terms complete response and partial response often are used. Partial response means that
- A. 50% of the patients treated with a given regimen demonstrate remission
- B. 50% of the patients treated survive to the 5-year point
- C. The tumor mass has reduced by > 50%
- D. In 50% of cases, the tumor converts from unresectable to resectable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because partial response in cancer therapy typically refers to a reduction in tumor size by more than 50%. This reduction indicates some positive effect of the treatment on the tumor.
Choice A is incorrect because partial response is not solely based on the percentage of patients demonstrating remission, it is about the tumor response.
Choice B is incorrect because survival at 5 years is related to overall survival rate, not specifically to the tumor response.
Choice D is incorrect because the conversion from unresectable to resectable is more related to the operability of the tumor, rather than the response to chemotherapy.
The term used to describe a situation whereby the fetal lie keeps varying after 36 gestational weeks is
- A. Unstable lie
- B. Compound lie
- C. Multiple lie
- D. Transverse lie
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Unstable lie. After 36 weeks of gestation, the fetal lie should typically be consistent. An unstable lie refers to a situation where the fetal lie keeps changing position, indicating a potential complication. This can lead to difficulties during labor and delivery.
Summary:
B: Compound lie - Refers to a situation where the fetus is in an abnormal position, such as breech or transverse, alongside another part of the body presenting first.
C: Multiple lie - Not a recognized medical term.
D: Transverse lie - Refers to a situation where the fetus is positioned horizontally across the uterus, which can complicate delivery.