Nokea
Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air would be expected to
- A. alert the brain.
- B. increase the breathing rate.
- C. stimulate the carotid bodies.
- D. b and c only
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the body. This increase stimulates the carotid bodies, which detect changes in blood chemistry, leading to an increase in breathing rate. This process does not directly alert the brain, as high carbon dioxide levels typically cause drowsiness rather than alertness. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it correctly identifies the effects of rebreathing on both breathing rate and carotid body stimulation. Choice A is incorrect because rebreathing does not directly alert the brain. Choice B is incorrect as rebreathing actually decreases the need for increased breathing rate initially. Choice C alone is incorrect as it does not address the effect on breathing rate.
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You are supervising a student nurse who is performing tracheostomy care for a client. For which action should you intervene?
- A. The student nurse suctions the tracheostomy tube prior to performing tracheostomy care.
- B. The student nurse removes old dressings and cleans off excess secretions.
- C. The student nurse removes the inner cannula and cleans using universal precautions.
- D. The student nurse replaces the inner cannula and cleans the stoma site.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Suctioning prior to tracheostomy care is incorrect because it increases the risk of introducing infection. Removing old dressings and cleaning secretions (B), removing and cleaning the inner cannula (C), and replacing the inner cannula and cleaning the stoma site (D) are standard steps in tracheostomy care.
What is the purpose of treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel)?
- A. To prevent viral pneumonia if taken regularly.
- B. To prevent avian flu if taken at the first signs and symptoms of disease.
- C. To lessen the severity of type A flu symptoms if taken within 48 hours of exposure.
- D. To reduce irritation of bronchitis if taken weekly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Amantadine is an antiviral medication effective against type A influenza virus.
2. By taking it within 48 hours of exposure, it can lessen flu symptoms by inhibiting viral replication.
3. It does not prevent pneumonia or avian flu specifically.
4. It is not used for reducing bronchitis irritation.
Summary:
Amantadine is specifically used to reduce the severity of type A flu symptoms when taken within 48 hours of exposure. It is not for prevention of viral pneumonia, avian flu, or bronchitis irritation.
A nurse is preparing to obtain a sputum specimen from a male client. Which of the following nursing actions will facilitate obtaining the specimen?
- A. Limiting fluid.
- B. Having the client take deep breaths.
- C. Asking the client to spit into the collection container.
- D. Asking the client to obtain the specimen after eating.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Having the client take deep breaths. This action facilitates obtaining a sputum specimen by helping the client to cough and expectorate sputum effectively. Deep breaths help to mobilize secretions, making it easier for the client to produce a quality specimen. Limiting fluid intake (choice A) can lead to dehydration and thickening of secretions, making it harder to obtain a specimen. Asking the client to spit into the container (choice C) may result in contamination with saliva. Asking the client to obtain the specimen after eating (choice D) can introduce food particles into the specimen, affecting the accuracy of the test.
Which ion is formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on carbon dioxide and water?
- A. Sodium ion (Na+)
- B. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
- C. Hydroxide ion (OH-)
- D. Potassium ion (K+)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Step 2: This reaction forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Step 3: Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
Step 4: Therefore, the ion formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on CO2 and H2O is the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Summary:
- Choice A (Sodium ion) is incorrect as it is not involved in the reaction with carbonic anhydrase.
- Choice C (Hydroxide ion) is incorrect as it is not a product of the reaction but rather a different compound.
- Choice D (Potassium ion) is incorrect as it is not related to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
Which lifestyle modification is recommended for individuals with heart failure?
- A. Sedentary lifestyle
- B. Smoking
- C. Regular physical activity
- D. Excessive alcohol consumption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regular physical activity. Physical activity is recommended for individuals with heart failure as it can help improve cardiovascular health, strengthen the heart muscle, and enhance overall well-being. Exercise can also help manage symptoms of heart failure and improve quality of life.
The other choices are incorrect:
A: Sedentary lifestyle can worsen heart failure symptoms and lead to deconditioning.
B: Smoking is harmful for heart health and can exacerbate heart failure.
D: Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken the heart muscle and contribute to heart failure complications.