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Fill in the blank. The process by which drugs may be administered, within preset boundaries, by the patient, who controls the frequency and administration of his or her pain medication, is called
- A. patient-controlled analgesia
- B. intravenous analgesia
- C. oral analgesia
- D. topical analgesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) allows patients to self-administer pain medication within safe, preset limits, giving them control over frequency and dosage.
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Briefly describe how various aspects of lifestyle, environmental factors, and stress can affect sleep and rest.
- A. Poor lifestyle choices, noisy environments, and high stress disrupt sleep; healthy habits, quiet settings, and stress management promote rest.
- B. Caffeine intake, bright lights, and anxiety improve sleep quality.
- C. Irregular sleep schedules and comfortable bedding have no impact on rest.
- D. Stress has no effect on sleep; only physical activity matters.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lifestyle factors like poor diet or irregular schedules, environmental factors like noise or light, and stress can disrupt sleep by increasing arousal or discomfort, while healthy habits and calm environments promote restorative sleep.
The differences between CPAP and BiPAP is that CPAP can be
- A. Set for a single pressure
- B. Set to the timing of how the patient breathes
- C. Set for multiple pressure
- D. Set to a rate of 12 breaths per minute
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: CPAP delivers a single, continuous pressure, while BiPAP provides two pressure levels (inhalation and exhalation), making A the correct distinction.
Because pain slows healing and recovery, relief of pain has become a higher priority while caring for patients. As a result,
- A. Pain has been classified as a vital sign.
- B. Pain should never be allowed to become more painful than a 1 on a scale of 0 to 10.
- C. Pain should be assessed once per shift.
- D. Pain should be assessed every time you assess the vital signs.
Correct Answer: A,D
Rationale: Pain is considered a vital sign (A) and should be assessed with other vital signs (D) to ensure timely management. Pain at 1 or less (B) is unrealistic, and once-per-shift assessment (C) is insufficient.
An individual's thoughts and emotions are also believed to affect the opening and closing of the gate by stimulating production of
- A. Prostaglandins
- B. Endorphins
- C. Substance P
- D. Opioids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endorphins, produced in response to positive thoughts and emotions, can close the pain gate, reducing pain perception, per the gate control theory.
Fill in the blank. The pain receptors referred to in Question 13 can be stimulated by two chemicals that are released during injury and damage to tissue. One of those chemicals is
- A. prostaglandins
- B. endorphins
- C. opioids
- D. serotonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostaglandins are chemicals released during tissue injury that stimulate nociceptors, contributing to pain sensation.