Nokea
Fill in the blank. The second chemical that stimulates the pain receptors in Question 13 is
- A. substance P
- B. histamine
- C. dopamine
- D. norepinephrine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Substance P is another chemical released during tissue damage that activates nociceptors, enhancing pain perception.
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Acetaminophen is a common over-the-counter medication used by most individuals. What is the maximum dose limit for an adult?
- A. Four 250-milligram tablets per 24 hours
- B. Two 500-milligram tablets every 4 hours
- C. 1,000 milligrams every 3 to 4 hours, for a maximum of 8,000 milligrams per 24 hours
- D. 4,000 milligrams per 24 hours
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The maximum adult dose of acetaminophen is 4,000 mg per 24 hours to avoid liver toxicity.
Which of the following statements is(are) thought to accurately describe the gate control theory?
- A. Transmission of pain impulses to the central nervous system is controlled by a gate that is opened and closed by sensory stimulus.
- B. Stimulation of the broad nerve fibers by heat, cold, massage, and exercise is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- C. Stimulation of the smaller, narrow nerve fibers by injury and damage to the tissues is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- D. It is thought that the thalamus can open the gate when stress and anxiety increase and close the gate when stress and anxiety decrease.
Correct Answer: A,C
Rationale: The gate control theory posits that pain transmission is modulated by a 'gate' in the spinal cord. Stimulation of smaller nerve fibers (e.g., by injury) opens the gate, allowing pain signals to pass (C). Sensory stimuli like massage close the gate, blocking pain (A is correct, but B is incorrect as broad nerve fiber stimulation closes, not opens, the gate). The thalamus is not directly involved in gate control (D is incorrect).
Which medication would you administer for a patient with decreased level of consciousness and respiratory rate of 8?
- A. Morphine
- B. Narcan
- C. Naproxen
- D. Dilaudid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Narcan (naloxone) is used to reverse opioid overdose, which can cause decreased consciousness and low respiratory rate, as seen in this patient.
Who is the best judge of the severity of a patient's pain?
- A. The patient who is experiencing the pain
- B. The surgeon who performed the surgery
- C. The nurse who is monitoring the patient
- D. The spouse of the patient who is staying with the patient
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The patient experiencing the pain is the best judge of its severity, as pain is subjective and individual.
Describe how the following nonpharmacological methods work to reduce mild pain or to use as an adjuvant (along with pain medication) for more severe pain: guided imagery, effleurage, and a TENS.
- A. Guided imagery distracts from pain via mental focus on calming images; effleurage soothes with gentle strokes; TENS blocks pain signals with electrical stimulation.
- B. Heat therapy reduces muscle tension; acupuncture balances energy; massage increases blood flow.
- C. Biofeedback controls physiological responses; cold therapy numbs pain; reflexology targets pressure points.
- D. Meditation reduces stress; exercise strengthens muscles; hypnosis alters pain perception.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Guided imagery uses visualization to distract from pain, effleurage promotes relaxation through gentle skin stroking, and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) delivers electrical impulses to block pain signals.