Nokea
Briefly describe how various aspects of lifestyle, environmental factors, and stress can affect sleep and rest.
- A. Poor lifestyle choices, noisy environments, and high stress disrupt sleep; healthy habits, quiet settings, and stress management promote rest.
- B. Caffeine intake, bright lights, and anxiety improve sleep quality.
- C. Irregular sleep schedules and comfortable bedding have no impact on rest.
- D. Stress has no effect on sleep; only physical activity matters.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Lifestyle factors like poor diet or irregular schedules, environmental factors like noise or light, and stress can disrupt sleep by increasing arousal or discomfort, while healthy habits and calm environments promote restorative sleep.
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Fill in the blank. The process by which drugs may be administered, within preset boundaries, by the patient, who controls the frequency and administration of his or her pain medication, is called
- A. patient-controlled analgesia
- B. intravenous analgesia
- C. oral analgesia
- D. topical analgesia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) allows patients to self-administer pain medication within safe, preset limits, giving them control over frequency and dosage.
Briefly describe two categories of adjuvant drugs and how they work to relieve pain.
- A. Antidepressants enhance pain relief by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels; anticonvulsants stabilize nerve activity to reduce neuropathic pain.
- B. Opioids block pain signals; NSAIDs reduce inflammation.
- C. Antihistamines reduce allergic responses; antipyretics lower fever.
- D. Muscle relaxants reduce spasms; sedatives promote sleep.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics) modulate neurotransmitters to enhance pain relief, especially for chronic pain. Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin) stabilize overactive nerves, reducing neuropathic pain.
Fill in the blank. The medical term for pain medications is
- A. analgesics
- B. antibiotics
- C. antidepressants
- D. anesthetics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Analgesics is the medical term for medications specifically used to relieve pain.
Your 98-year-old patient has severe diabetes and, as a result of complications, had his left leg amputated above the knee several months ago. He is confused and combative. When he reports to you that his left foot hurts, you know that this is known as
- A. Radiating pain
- B. Nonexistent pain
- C. Phantom limb pain
- D. Intractable pain
- E. Chronic pain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phantom limb pain is the sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated, as experienced by the patient in this scenario.
Fill in the blank. The view of a patient's pain that includes mental, social, physical, and spiritual aspects as parts of the integrated whole being is known as
- A. holistic pain
- B. acute pain
- C. chronic pain
- D. nociceptive pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Holistic pain considers the mental, social, physical, and spiritual aspects of a patient's pain as an integrated whole, as described in nursing texts.