Nokea
Fill in the blank. The patient usually snores, accompanied by periods of apnea lasting from 10 seconds to 2 minutes; this can be life-threatening. This inability to maintain breathing while sleeping is known as
- A. sleep apnea
- B. insomnia
- C. narcolepsy
- D. restless legs syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sleep apnea is characterized by snoring and periods of apnea (paused breathing) during sleep, which can be life-threatening if untreated.
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Your 98-year-old patient has severe diabetes and, as a result of complications, had his left leg amputated above the knee several months ago. He is confused and combative. When he reports to you that his left foot hurts, you know that this is known as
- A. Radiating pain
- B. Nonexistent pain
- C. Phantom limb pain
- D. Intractable pain
- E. Chronic pain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phantom limb pain is the sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated, as experienced by the patient in this scenario.
Briefly describe two categories of adjuvant drugs and how they work to relieve pain.
- A. Antidepressants enhance pain relief by increasing serotonin and norepinephrine levels; anticonvulsants stabilize nerve activity to reduce neuropathic pain.
- B. Opioids block pain signals; NSAIDs reduce inflammation.
- C. Antihistamines reduce allergic responses; antipyretics lower fever.
- D. Muscle relaxants reduce spasms; sedatives promote sleep.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclics) modulate neurotransmitters to enhance pain relief, especially for chronic pain. Anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin) stabilize overactive nerves, reducing neuropathic pain.
An 89-year-old female patient is admitted for right lower knee surgery. Prior to giving her IV morphine for pain management, the nurse will assess
- A. Respiratory rate
- B. Temperature
- C. Elevation of head of bed
- D. Dysphagia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Respiratory rate must be assessed before administering morphine, as it can cause respiratory depression, especially in elderly patients.
Fill in the blank. The term for chronic inability to fall asleep or stay asleep is
- A. insomnia
- B. narcolepsy
- C. sleep apnea
- D. bruxism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Insomnia refers to the chronic difficulty in falling or staying asleep, leading to poor sleep quality.
Which of the following drugs are not classified as over the counter?
- A. Ibuprofen
- B. Aspirin
- C. Acetaminophen
- D. Codeine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Codeine is a prescription opioid, not an over-the-counter drug, unlike ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen.