Nokea
An individual's thoughts and emotions are also believed to affect the opening and closing of the gate by stimulating production of
- A. Prostaglandins
- B. Endorphins
- C. Substance P
- D. Opioids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Endorphins, produced in response to positive thoughts and emotions, can close the pain gate, reducing pain perception, per the gate control theory.
You may also like to solve these questions
Which of the following are types of nociceptive pain?
- A. Cutaneous pain from a paper cut
- B. Soft tissue pain caused by injury to the thigh muscle and subcutaneous tissue
- C. Deep somatic pain from arthritis or a bone fracture
- D. Deep visceral pain from hysterectomy postoperative pain
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D
Rationale: Nociceptive pain arises from tissue damage and includes cutaneous pain (A), soft tissue pain (B), deep somatic pain (C), and deep visceral pain (D).
Fill in the blank. Repetitive gentle, gliding stroking of your fingertips over the surface of the skin for the purpose of pain relief is called
- A. effleurage
- B. acupressure
- C. massage
- D. reflexology
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Effleurage is a technique involving gentle, gliding strokes over the skin to promote relaxation and pain relief.
Fill in the blank. The pain receptors referred to in Question 13 can be stimulated by two chemicals that are released during injury and damage to tissue. One of those chemicals is
- A. prostaglandins
- B. endorphins
- C. opioids
- D. serotonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Prostaglandins are chemicals released during tissue injury that stimulate nociceptors, contributing to pain sensation.
Which of the following statements is(are) thought to accurately describe the gate control theory?
- A. Transmission of pain impulses to the central nervous system is controlled by a gate that is opened and closed by sensory stimulus.
- B. Stimulation of the broad nerve fibers by heat, cold, massage, and exercise is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- C. Stimulation of the smaller, narrow nerve fibers by injury and damage to the tissues is thought to open the gate, allowing pain impulses to be transmitted.
- D. It is thought that the thalamus can open the gate when stress and anxiety increase and close the gate when stress and anxiety decrease.
Correct Answer: A,C
Rationale: The gate control theory posits that pain transmission is modulated by a 'gate' in the spinal cord. Stimulation of smaller nerve fibers (e.g., by injury) opens the gate, allowing pain signals to pass (C). Sensory stimuli like massage close the gate, blocking pain (A is correct, but B is incorrect as broad nerve fiber stimulation closes, not opens, the gate). The thalamus is not directly involved in gate control (D is incorrect).
Describe how the following nonpharmacological methods work to reduce mild pain or to use as an adjuvant (along with pain medication) for more severe pain: guided imagery, effleurage, and a TENS.
- A. Guided imagery distracts from pain via mental focus on calming images; effleurage soothes with gentle strokes; TENS blocks pain signals with electrical stimulation.
- B. Heat therapy reduces muscle tension; acupuncture balances energy; massage increases blood flow.
- C. Biofeedback controls physiological responses; cold therapy numbs pain; reflexology targets pressure points.
- D. Meditation reduces stress; exercise strengthens muscles; hypnosis alters pain perception.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Guided imagery uses visualization to distract from pain, effleurage promotes relaxation through gentle skin stroking, and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) delivers electrical impulses to block pain signals.