Nokea
Find the unmatched pair with respect to immune function:
- A. Interferons: protection from viral infections
- B. ROS: killing of engulfed pathogens
- C. Mast cells: acute phase response
- D. Selectins: role in leukocyte extravasation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mast cells: acute phase response. Mast cells are actually involved in allergic responses, not the acute phase response of the immune system. The acute phase response is primarily mediated by cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Interferons protect against viral infections, ROS help kill pathogens inside cells, and selectins aid in leukocyte extravasation during inflammation.
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Which of the following are not examples of a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
- A. nitrate
- B. hydrogen sulfate
- C. iron hydroxide
- D. Hâ‚‚
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: H₂. In anaerobic respiration, H₂ can act as a terminal electron acceptor, so it is not an incorrect example. Nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, and iron hydroxide are all examples of terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. H₂ is commonly used in microbial processes as an electron donor, not as a terminal electron acceptor. This is because H₂ is typically oxidized to produce energy, rather than accepting electrons.
Who is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis?
- A. Edward Jenner
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Elie Metchnikoff
- D. Paul Ehrlich
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Elie Metchnikoff. He is credited with the discovery of phagocytosis, the process in which certain cells engulf and digest foreign particles. Metchnikoff's research in the late 19th century laid the foundation for our understanding of the immune system. A: Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine. B: Louis Pasteur is famous for his work on germ theory and pasteurization. D: Paul Ehrlich is known for his contributions to immunology, such as developing the concept of antibodies and chemotherapy.
Concerning with NLRs, which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Are cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs
- B. Include NOD receptors
- C. In Drosophila also important for embryonic development
- D. Similar proteins are also found in plants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because NLRs are not important for embryonic development in Drosophila. NLRs are primarily involved in immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the cytosol. Choice A is correct as NLRs are indeed cytosolic receptors for MAMPs and DAMPs. Choice B is correct as NOD receptors are a subset of NLRs. Choice D is correct as similar proteins to NLRs are also found in plants, known as NBS-LRR proteins. Therefore, the incorrect statement is C, as NLRs are not essential for embryonic development in Drosophila.
What cytokine is produced by Regulatory T cells to suppress immune responses?
- A. IL-2
- B. IL-10
- C. IFN-gamma
- D. TNF-alpha
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IL-10. Regulatory T cells produce IL-10 to suppress immune responses by inhibiting the activation and function of other immune cells. IL-2 (A) is mainly produced by activated T cells to promote proliferation. IFN-gamma (C) is produced by T cells and NK cells to enhance immune response. TNF-alpha (D) is produced by macrophages and T cells to induce inflammation. IL-10 stands out as the suppressor cytokine in this context.
Vertebrate eyes are Single-lens eyes with
- A. Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens
- B. Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far
- C. Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because vertebrate eyes have single-lens eyes where light is focused by the curved cornea and lens (A), and changing the shape of the lens allows for focusing at different distances (B). Additionally, photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light (C). Therefore, all of the above statements are true, making D the correct choice. Choice A is incorrect because it does not encompass the entire process of vision in vertebrate eyes, missing the role of changing the lens shape. Choice B is incorrect as it only addresses the lens shape without mentioning the role of the cornea in focusing light. Choice C is incorrect as it only focuses on the function of photoreceptor cells in the retina without considering the lens and cornea's role in focusing light.