Nokea
Tolerogenic dendritic cells
- A. Induce T cell unresponsiveness
- B. Do not secrete IL-12
- C. Express high levels of co-stimulatory molecules
- D. Have recognized PAMPs
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question. The correct answer is not provided as choice "E." Could you please provide the correct choices for the question so I can provide you with the detailed explanation you are looking for?
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Triggers for complement activation include
- A. Binding of opsonins, such as MBL, to microbes
- B. Direct recognition of microbes
- C. Formation of immune complexes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices are valid triggers for complement activation. A is correct as opsonins like MBL can bind to microbes and activate the complement system. B is correct as direct recognition of microbes can also trigger complement activation. C is correct as the formation of immune complexes can lead to complement activation through the classical pathway. Therefore, all of the above choices are triggers for complement activation.
Vertebrate eyes are Single-lens eyes with
- A. Light is focused by the curved cornea and lens
- B. Changing the shape of the lens focuses near and far
- C. Photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because vertebrate eyes have single-lens eyes where light is focused by the curved cornea and lens (A), and changing the shape of the lens allows for focusing at different distances (B). Additionally, photoreceptor cells in the retina detect light (C). Therefore, all of the above statements are true, making D the correct choice. Choice A is incorrect because it does not encompass the entire process of vision in vertebrate eyes, missing the role of changing the lens shape. Choice B is incorrect as it only addresses the lens shape without mentioning the role of the cornea in focusing light. Choice C is incorrect as it only focuses on the function of photoreceptor cells in the retina without considering the lens and cornea's role in focusing light.
Select the following disorders characterized by inflammation of bronchi.
- A. Asthma
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Emphysema
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, leading to coughing and mucus production.
2. Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways but is not specific to bronchi.
3. Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs, not specifically inflammation of bronchi.
4. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs, not primarily characterized by bronchial inflammation.
Summary:
Bronchitis is the correct answer as it specifically involves inflammation of the bronchi, while asthma, emphysema, and tuberculosis do not primarily exhibit this characteristic.
A heart attack is
- A. damage to cardiac muscle
- B. Typically from a blocked coronary artery
- C. Death of brain tissue from blocked arteries in the head
- D. A & b
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because a heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, involves damage to the cardiac muscle due to a blocked coronary artery. Choice A is correct as it directly relates to the definition of a heart attack. Choice B is also correct as a blocked coronary artery is the main cause of decreased blood flow to the heart muscle leading to a heart attack. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a stroke, which is the death of brain tissue due to blocked arteries in the head, not a heart attack. Therefore, A & B (choices A and B) are the correct options, making D the correct answer.
What is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Shifting of bicarbonate into cells in exchange for chloride
- B. Kidney conservation of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
- C. Deep,rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations) to increase CO2 excretion
- D. Decreased respiratory rate and depth to retain CO2 and kidney excretion of bicarbonate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the body decreases respiratory rate to retain CO2 and excretes bicarbonate via kidneys.