Nokea
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for antibody production?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Plasma cells (derived from B lymphocytes)
- C. Natural killer cells
- D. Macrophages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasma cells (derived from B lymphocytes). B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized in secreting antibodies. Neutrophils are primarily involved in phagocytosis, not antibody production. Natural killer cells are involved in killing infected cells, not antibody production. Macrophages are phagocytic cells that present antigens to activate B lymphocytes but do not produce antibodies themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is B as plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes are primarily responsible for antibody production.
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Find the unmatched pair with respect to immune function:
- A. Interferons: protection from viral infections
- B. ROS: killing of engulfed pathogens
- C. Mast cells: acute phase response
- D. Selectins: role in leukocyte extravasation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mast cells: acute phase response. Mast cells are actually involved in allergic responses, not the acute phase response of the immune system. The acute phase response is primarily mediated by cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Interferons protect against viral infections, ROS help kill pathogens inside cells, and selectins aid in leukocyte extravasation during inflammation.
Which opportunistic disease associated with AIDS is characterized by hyperpigmented lesions of skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
- A. Kaposi sarcoma
- B. Candida albicans
- C. Herpes simplex type 1 infection
- D. Varicella-zoster virus infection
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Kaposi sarcoma is a tumor associated with AIDS and manifests as hyperpigmented lesions on the skin, lungs, and GI tract.
The nurse is performing morning care for a patient who sustained a fractured pelvis and bilateral femur fractures yesterday in a motorcycle collision. The patient complains of shortness of breath. Assessment reveals audible wheezes and oxygen saturation of 76%. What action should the nurse take first?
- A. Establish a peripheral intravenous (IV) line.
- B. Inform the charge nurse.
- C. Explain the patient's change in status to his family.
- D. Raise patient to high Fowler position.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The patient complains of shortness of breath and has audible wheezes, indicating potential respiratory distress.
Step 2: Oxygen saturation of 76% is critically low and requires immediate intervention.
Step 3: Raising the patient to a high Fowler position helps improve lung expansion and oxygenation.
Step 4: This action takes priority to improve the patient's breathing and oxygen saturation levels.
Summary: A is incorrect as establishing an IV line is not the immediate priority. B is incorrect as informing the charge nurse delays direct patient care. C is incorrect as addressing the family is secondary to addressing the patient's urgent needs.
A 69-year-old woman asks the nurse whether it is possible to 'catch' cancer because many of her friends of the same age have been diagnosed with different kinds of cancer. In responding to the woman, the nurse understands that what factor increases the incidence of tumors in older adults?
- A. An increase in autoantibodies
- B. Decreased activity of the bone marrow
- C. Decreased differentiation of T lymphocytes
- D. Decreased size and activity of the thymus gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The thymus gland shrinks with age, reducing the production of new T cells, which impairs immune surveillance and increases cancer risk.
PRRs able to activate NFκB include
- A. TLR4
- B. NOD1
- C. NLRP3
- D. Both A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both TLR4 and NOD1 are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can activate the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides, while NOD1 detects bacterial peptidoglycan fragments. NLRP3, choice C, is an inflammasome receptor that activates caspase-1, not NF-κB. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly activate NF-κB like TLR4 and NOD1.