Nokea
What are the essential nursing actions that should be taken for a client with an immune system disorder?
- A. Monitor client for depression.
- B. Monitor client for infusion reactions.
- C. Review drug references.
- D. Advise the client on modifying the home environment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monitoring for infusion reactions is critical as clients with immune disorders often receive biologic therapies that can cause severe allergic or infusion-related reactions.
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What was atypical about the 2009 H1N1 pandemic?
- A. It emerged entirely as an assortment of human strains, while typical pandemics are caused by newly generated animal strains
- B. It was a newly assorted virus unrelated to the human strains that were circulating worldwide in 2009
- C. It was a variant of 1918 H1N1 that is still circulating in pigs
- D. It did not affect the very young, an age group typically struck by flu viruses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a newly assorted virus unrelated to existing human strains. This is atypical as typical pandemics are caused by animal strains. Option A is incorrect because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did not emerge entirely as an assortment of human strains. Option C is incorrect as the 2009 H1N1 virus was not a variant of the 1918 H1N1 strain circulating in pigs. Option D is incorrect because the 2009 H1N1 pandemic did affect individuals across all age groups, including the very young.
What distinguishes NK cells from other lymphocytes?
- A. They are part of adaptive immunity
- B. They do not require prior antigen sensitization
- C. They directly produce antibodies
- D. They phagocytose pathogens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because NK cells do not require prior antigen sensitization to recognize and attack infected cells. This distinguishes them from other lymphocytes, such as T and B cells, which are part of adaptive immunity and require prior exposure to specific antigens. NK cells are part of innate immunity and can directly recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells without prior activation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as NK cells are not part of adaptive immunity, do not directly produce antibodies, and do not phagocytose pathogens.
Plaques are:
- A. clear areas in a lawn of cultured cells caused by virus infection.
- B. stained areas in a cell culture indicating cells infected by a virus.
- C. virus colonies on agar.
- D. bacterial colonies on agar.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Plaques are clear areas caused by virus infection in a lawn of cultured cells. This is because viruses infect cells, causing cell death and lysis, which results in clear areas. Choice B is incorrect because stained areas are not typically associated with plaques. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they refer to virus and bacterial colonies, respectively, not plaques.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.
What type of immunity is provided by T lymphocytes?
- A. Humoral immunity
- B. Cell-mediated immunity
- C. Passive immunity
- D. Innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a critical role in cell-mediated immunity by directly attacking infected cells and coordinating the immune response. This type of immunity is essential for fighting intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria.
A: Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells and involves the production of antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T lymphocytes do not directly participate in humoral immunity.
C: Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, providing immediate protection. T lymphocytes are not involved in passive immunity.
D: Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and does not involve T lymphocytes, which are part of the adaptive immune response.