Nokea
Which defense function is a specialty of both IgG and IgA antibody?
- A. Neonatal immunity
- B. Opsonization
- C. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Opsonization. Both IgG and IgA antibodies can participate in opsonization, which involves tagging pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. IgG and IgA have specific receptors on phagocytes that recognize the tagged pathogens, enhancing their clearance. Neonatal immunity (choice A) is primarily mediated by IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells (choice C) is mainly associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions. Complement activation (choice D) mainly involves IgM and IgG antibodies, leading to a cascade of reactions for pathogen elimination.
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What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
In LN naïve T cells and activated dendritic cells interact in the
- A. Subcapsular sinus
- B. Cortex
- C. Paracortex
- D. Medulla
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paracortex. Naïve T cells circulate through the blood and lymphatic system until they encounter antigens presented by activated dendritic cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes. The paracortex is the region where T cell activation and proliferation occur, leading to an immune response. The subcapsular sinus (A) is primarily involved in filtering lymph fluid, the cortex (B) contains B cell follicles, and the medulla (D) contains plasma cells and macrophages. Thus, the paracortex is the specific site of interaction between naïve T cells and activated dendritic cells in lymph nodes.
Which class of biological molecules can be bound by an immunoglobulin?
- A. Proteins
- B. Carbohydrates
- C. Lipids
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the immune system to recognize and bind to foreign molecules called antigens. These antigens can be proteins (choice A), carbohydrates (choice B), or lipids (choice C). Therefore, immunoglobulins can bind to all classes of biological molecules. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they each represent individual classes of molecules that can be targeted by immunoglobulins, but the correct answer encompasses all of them.
A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile. Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient?
- A. Droplet precautions
- B. Contact precautions
- C. Isolation precautions
- D. Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clostridium difficile spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands. Therefore, contact precautions are necessary to prevent its transmission.
Which of the following is the best match between antibody class and major antibody effector function?
- A. IgG: Opsonization
- B. IgA: Complement activation
- C. IgE: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- D. IgM: Neonatal immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgG: Opsonization. IgG antibodies are known for their role in opsonization, where they tag pathogens for phagocytosis by immune cells. This process enhances the removal of pathogens. IgA is mainly involved in mucosal immunity and not complement activation, making choice B incorrect. IgE is associated with allergic reactions and not antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity as stated in choice C. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and plays a role in neonatal immunity, making choice D incorrect.