Nokea
Following administration of 1.5 g of methocarbamol (Robaxin), which of the following statements by Mrs. Iris would inform the nurse that the medication was effective?
- A. I was thirsty after that medication.
- B. I have been urinating a lot today.
- C. Those awful muscle spasms have let up.
- D. The swelling in my leg seems to have gone down.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant; relief from muscle spasms indicates effectiveness.
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In evolutionary terms, which is the oldest part of the brain?
- A. the limbic system
- B. the cortex
- C. the right hemisphere
- D. the brain stem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms, as it is responsible for basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It includes structures like the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brainstem has been conserved throughout evolution and is present in all vertebrates, making it a fundamental component of the central nervous system. In contrast, the cortex and limbic system evolved later and are more developed in higher mammals.
If a nurse observes a sudden change in a client's vital signs, what immediate step should the nurse take?
- A. Inform the physician
- B. Change the environmental settings of the client
- C. Alter the diet intake of the client
- D. Decrease the physical activity of the client
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Immediate medical attention is necessary for significant changes in vital signs.
Which of the following is an enzyme that breaks down a neurotransmitter?
- A. acetylcholine
- B. serotonin
- C. dopamine
- D. acetylcholinesterase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This breakdown is essential for terminating the signal and preventing continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron. Acetylcholinesterase ensures that acetylcholine's effects are short-lived and precisely regulated, allowing for controlled neural communication. Dysfunction of this enzyme can lead to neurological disorders.
The muscular wasting (hypotrophy) usually develops with disease in:
- A. upper motor neuron
- B. lower motor neuron
- C. cerebellar
- D. caudate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Lower motor neuron is the correct answer because damage to these neurons directly affects the muscles they innervate, leading to atrophy, weakness, and loss of reflexes. This occurs due to the disruption of the neural connection between the spinal cord and the muscle, resulting in denervation and subsequent muscle wasting.
An increase in PaCO2 leads to:
- A. hypertension
- B. increased adrenaline release
- C. increased sweating
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Increased PaCO2 (hypercapnia) causes hypertension, adrenaline release, and sweating due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These responses aim to restore normal CO2 levels.