Nokea
For the cruise ship scenario, if you suspected ice as a transmission source, how might you display 'place'?
- A. Spot map by assigned dinner seating location
- B. Spot map by cabin
- C. Shaded map of United States by state of residence
- D. Shaded map by whether passenger consumed ship's ice or not
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mapping by exposure to ice helps identify potential sources of infection.
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Surgeons at hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a 1-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At hospital B, the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of 8% after the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at hospital B had vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounding factors would you examine?
- A. The severity(stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline.
- B. The start of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals(after operation versus after discharge).
- C. Differences in postoperative care at the two hospitals.
- D. Equality of follow-up for mortality.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed factors (a-d) could contribute to differences in mortality rates, making 'all of the above' the most comprehensive answer. Since we shift 'E' options to 'D', D is correct.
Which of the following is the strength of Case control study?
- A. rare disease
- B. bias can be minimized
- C. temporal relationship can be established
- D. relative risk can be calculated
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Case-control studies are particularly useful for studying rare diseases.
What is the RR of dying of lung cancer for smokers versus nonsmokers?
- A. 7
- B. 10.14
- C. 15
- D. 20
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: RR = (Death rate among smokers / Death rate among nonsmokers) = 71 / 7 = 10.14. This indicates that smokers are approximately 10 times more likely to die of lung cancer than nonsmokers.
What are key sources of morbidity data?
- A. Environmental monitoring data.
- B. Hospital discharge data.
- C. Laboratory results.
- D. Notifiable disease reports.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Notifiable disease reports provide critical data on specific diseases of public health importance.
Discuss the possible health effects that have been associated with exposure to electric and magnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
- A. EMF: unclear evidence; Ionizing: cancer risk.
- B. EMF: immediate death; Ionizing: no known risks.
- C. EMF: improved sleep; Ionizing: enhanced mood.
- D. EMF: faster metabolism; Ionizing: increased energy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Evidence linking EMFs to health effects is inconclusive, while ionizing radiation is a well-established carcinogen.