Nokea
For the surface of an animal to function in the integumentary exchange of gases it must
- A. be thin and soft.
- B. have a high number of blood vessels
- C. have mucus or moist covering
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because for the integumentary exchange of gases to occur efficiently, the surface of the animal must meet all three criteria: be thin and soft to allow gases to pass through easily, have a high number of blood vessels to facilitate gas exchange, and have a mucus or moist covering to prevent desiccation and aid in gas diffusion. If the surface is not thin and soft, gases cannot diffuse effectively. Without a high number of blood vessels, there wouldn't be sufficient transport of gases to and from the surface. And without a mucus or moist covering, the surface may dry out, hindering gas exchange. Therefore, all of the above factors are essential for the integumentary exchange of gases to function optimally.
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A nurse assesses a client after a thoracentesis. Which assessment finding warrants immediate action?
- A. The client rates pain as a 5/10 at the site of the procedure.
- B. A small amount of drainage from the site is noted.
- C. Pulse oximetry is 93% on 2 L of oxygen.
- D. The trachea is shifted toward the opposite side of the neck.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the trachea shifted towards the opposite side indicates a potential pneumothorax, a serious complication following thoracentesis. Immediate action is needed to prevent respiratory distress. Choices A and B are common post-procedural findings and may not require immediate action. Choice C, while indicating hypoxemia, does not pose an immediate threat compared to a tracheal deviation.
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
- A. 10
- B. 25
- C. 50
- D. more than 90
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (more than 90). At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg, hemoglobin is more than 90% saturated with oxygen due to the high oxygen affinity of hemoglobin at this partial pressure. Hemoglobin exhibits near-maximal saturation at this level, promoting efficient oxygen binding and transport. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the high oxygen saturation levels associated with a PO2 of 70 mm Hg.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
- A. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure
- B. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes
- C. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes
- D. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the Hering-Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism that prevents lung damage from overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. When the lungs are at risk of overinflation, stretch receptors in the lung tissue send signals to the brainstem to reduce or stop inspiration, preventing excessive stretching of the alveoli. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as the Hering-Breuer reflex is not involved in changes in blood pressure, PO2, or PCO2 regulation.
The client with COPD has a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective Breathing Pattern. Which action is appropriate to delegate to the experienced LPN/LVN under your supervision?
- A. Observe how well the client performs pursed-lip breathing.
- B. Plan a nursing care regimen that gradually increases activity tolerance.
- C. Assist the client with basic activities of daily living (ADLs).
- D. Consult with physical therapy about reconditioning exercises.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Assisting with ADLs is a routine task suitable for an LPN/LVN. Observing pursed-lip breathing (A) and planning care regimens (B) are more advanced tasks. Consulting physical therapy (D) requires RN-level decision-making.
Pinnaglobin is a brown coloured blood pigment present in the plasma of the mollusk Pinna. It contains
- A. Iron
- B. Copper
- C. Manganese
- D. Vanadium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Copper. Pinnaglobin is a copper-containing blood pigment found in the plasma of the mollusk Pinna. Copper ions are essential for the formation of this pigment. Iron (Choice A), Manganese (Choice C), and Vanadium (Choice D) are not typically found in Pinnaglobin. Iron is commonly associated with hemoglobin in vertebrates, while manganese and vanadium do not play a significant role in mollusk blood pigments. Therefore, the presence of copper in Pinnaglobin makes Choice B the correct answer.