Nokea
The nurse is assessing a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which assessment finding indicates a potential complication and requires the nurse's immediate attention?
- A. Distended neck veins
- B. Left lower quadrant tenderness
- C. Urinary output of 40 mL/hr
- D. Excessive coughing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Distended neck veins. This finding indicates potential right-sided heart failure, a complication of COPD called cor pulmonale. The nurse should address this immediately to prevent further deterioration. Distended neck veins suggest increased central venous pressure and impaired right heart function. Left lower quadrant tenderness (B) is unrelated to COPD. Urinary output of 40 mL/hr (C) is within normal range. Excessive coughing (D) is a common symptom of COPD but does not indicate an immediate complication.
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Carbon monoxide
- A. has a very low affinity or attraction to hemoglobin.
- B. is unlikely to be transported by the circulatory system.
- C. is not the cause of death of people who breathe excessive amounts of automobile exhausts.
- D. can arise from cigarette smoke
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because carbon monoxide can indeed arise from cigarette smoke due to incomplete combustion of tobacco. This is supported by scientific evidence. Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for hemoglobin, so choice A is incorrect. It can be transported by the circulatory system, making choice B incorrect. Breathing excessive amounts of automobile exhaust containing carbon monoxide can lead to death, making choice C incorrect.
The Hering-Breuer reflex
- A. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure
- B. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes
- C. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes
- D. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the Hering-Breuer reflex is a protective mechanism that prevents lung damage from overinflation by inhibiting inspiration. When the lungs are at risk of overinflation, stretch receptors in the lung tissue send signals to the brainstem to reduce or stop inspiration, preventing excessive stretching of the alveoli. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as the Hering-Breuer reflex is not involved in changes in blood pressure, PO2, or PCO2 regulation.
Pulmonary ventilation also called
- A. inhalation
- B. exhalation
- C. Breathing
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Breathing. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, which involves both inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is the act of taking in air, while exhalation is the act of expelling air. Therefore, the term "pulmonary ventilation" encompasses both inhalation and exhalation, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A and B are incorrect because they only represent one part of the breathing process. Choice D is incorrect because it suggests that all choices are correct, which is not accurate in this context.
Pinnaglobin is a brown coloured blood pigment present in the plasma of the mollusk Pinna. It contains
- A. Iron
- B. Copper
- C. Manganese
- D. Vanadium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Copper. Pinnaglobin is a copper-containing blood pigment found in the plasma of the mollusk Pinna. Copper ions are essential for the formation of this pigment. Iron (Choice A), Manganese (Choice C), and Vanadium (Choice D) are not typically found in Pinnaglobin. Iron is commonly associated with hemoglobin in vertebrates, while manganese and vanadium do not play a significant role in mollusk blood pigments. Therefore, the presence of copper in Pinnaglobin makes Choice B the correct answer.
Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to
- A. the diaphragm and intercostal muscle contractions
- B. tight junctions between the lungs and the thorax
- C. surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity
- D. atmospheric pressure pushing on the lungs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the surface tension of the pleural fluid creates a cohesive force that keeps the lungs adhered to the thoracic wall. This, combined with the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, creates a vacuum effect that maintains the lungs' position.
A) The diaphragm and intercostal muscle contractions help with breathing but do not directly secure the lungs to the thorax.
B) Tight junctions between the lungs and thorax do not play a significant role in holding the lungs in place.
D) Atmospheric pressure does not hold the lungs against the thoracic wall; rather, it helps with breathing by aiding in lung expansion and contraction.