Nokea
Bohr effect shifts the O2 Hb dissociation curve to right
- A. To promote oxygenation of Hb in lungs
- B. To increase O2 concentration
- C. To decrease CO2 concentration
- D. To decrease the pH of blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Bohr effect states that a decrease in pH shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, promoting the release of oxygen to tissues. This occurs in metabolically active tissues where CO2 is produced, lowering the pH. Choice D is correct because a decrease in blood pH facilitates oxygen unloading. Choices A and B are incorrect because the Bohr effect is related to oxygen release, not uptake. Choice C is incorrect because decreasing CO2 concentration would actually shift the curve to the left.
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A nurse has educated a client on isoniazid. What statement by the client indicates that teaching has been effective?
- A. I need to take extra vitamin C while on isoniazid.
- B. I should take this medicine with milk or juice.
- C. I will take this medication on an empty stomach.
- D. My contact lenses will be permanently stained.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "I will take this medication on an empty stomach." This indicates effective teaching because isoniazid should be taken on an empty stomach to maximize absorption. Taking it with food can reduce absorption.
A: Taking extra vitamin C is not necessary for isoniazid.
B: Taking isoniazid with milk or juice can reduce its effectiveness.
D: Contact lenses are not affected by isoniazid, so they will not be permanently stained.
For the surface of an animal to function in the integumentary exchange of gases it must
- A. be thin and soft.
- B. have a high number of blood vessels
- C. have mucus or moist covering
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because for the integumentary exchange of gases to occur efficiently, the surface of the animal must meet all three criteria: be thin and soft to allow gases to pass through easily, have a high number of blood vessels to facilitate gas exchange, and have a mucus or moist covering to prevent desiccation and aid in gas diffusion. If the surface is not thin and soft, gases cannot diffuse effectively. Without a high number of blood vessels, there wouldn't be sufficient transport of gases to and from the surface. And without a mucus or moist covering, the surface may dry out, hindering gas exchange. Therefore, all of the above factors are essential for the integumentary exchange of gases to function optimally.
The term "blue bloater" refers to which of the following conditions?
- A. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- B. Asthma
- C. Chronic obstructive bronchitis
- D. Emphysema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chronic obstructive bronchitis. The term "blue bloater" is a classic descriptor used in the context of chronic obstructive bronchitis. It refers to patients who exhibit cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen) and are often overweight and edematous. This term is used to differentiate from "pink puffers" who have emphysema. Both conditions are part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the "blue bloater" presentation is more characteristic of chronic bronchitis due to the chronic hypoxia and retained carbon dioxide.
Now, let's evaluate why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) typically presents with severe difficulty breathing and rapid onset of respiratory failure. It is not referred to as a "blue bloater."
B: Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction and wheezing, usually triggered by allergens or irrit
A male patient has a sucking stab wound to the chest. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Drawing blood for a hematocrit and hemoglobin level.
- B. Applying a dressing over the wound and taping it on three sides.
- C. Preparing a chest tube insertion tray.
- D. Preparing to start an I.V. line.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Applying a dressing over the wound and taping it on three sides should be done first to prevent air from entering the wound and causing a tension pneumothorax. This action helps stabilize the wound and minimizes the risk of further complications. Drawing blood for hematocrit and hemoglobin (A) is not the priority in this situation. Chest tube insertion (C) and starting an IV line (D) can be necessary interventions but are not the immediate priority in managing a sucking chest wound.
The client with COPD has a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective Breathing Pattern. Which action is appropriate to delegate to the experienced LPN/LVN under your supervision?
- A. Observe how well the client performs pursed-lip breathing.
- B. Plan a nursing care regimen that gradually increases activity tolerance.
- C. Assist the client with basic activities of daily living (ADLs).
- D. Consult with physical therapy about reconditioning exercises.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Assisting with ADLs is a routine task suitable for an LPN/LVN. Observing pursed-lip breathing (A) and planning care regimens (B) are more advanced tasks. Consulting physical therapy (D) requires RN-level decision-making.