Nokea
For tuberculosis prevention the newborns got an injection of a vaccine. What vaccine was used?
- A. BCG
- B. Mantoux
- C. DTaP vaccine
- D. Anatoxin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BCG. BCG vaccine is commonly used for tuberculosis prevention because it provides immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mantoux is a test, not a vaccine. DTaP vaccine is for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, not tuberculosis. Anatoxin is a type of toxoid vaccine, not used for tuberculosis prevention. BCG vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of tuberculosis in infants, making it the appropriate choice in this scenario.
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by
- A. flavoviruses.
- B. virusoids.
- C. prions.
- D. orthomyxoviruses.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: prions. Prions are misfolded proteins that can cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Prions are not viruses like flavoviruses (A) or orthomyxoviruses (D). Virusoids (B) are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that require a helper virus to replicate and are not associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Therefore, the correct answer is C as prions are the only choice that correctly links to the etiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Name the halogen-containing antiseptic with fungicidal properties, which is used to treat dermatomycosis:
- A. Iodine solution
- B. Formalin solution
- C. Methylene blue
- D. Brilliant green
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Iodine solution contains iodine, a halogen with antiseptic properties.
2. Iodine is effective against fungi, making it suitable for treating dermatomycosis.
3. Iodine solution is commonly used in dermatology for its fungicidal properties.
4. Formalin, methylene blue, and brilliant green do not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
Summary:
- Formalin is a disinfectant, not an antiseptic for dermatomycosis.
- Methylene blue is an antifungal dye, not used as an antiseptic.
- Brilliant green is an antiseptic, but does not contain halogens or have fungicidal properties.
Complex communities of microorganisms on surfaces are called
- A. colonies
- B. biofilms
- C. biospheres
- D. flora
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: biofilms. Biofilms refer to complex communities of microorganisms that adhere to surfaces. They are characterized by a protective matrix that allows the microorganisms to communicate and cooperate. Colonies (A) typically refer to groups of a single species, not diverse communities. Biospheres (C) refer to the regions of the Earth where life exists, not specific microbial communities. Flora (D) generally refers to the plant life in a particular region, not microbial communities on surfaces.
Which of the following methods can be used for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections
- A. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract
- B. Immunofluorescence
- C. PCR
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All are correct. Culture of samples from the respiratory tract can identify specific pathogens, Immunofluorescence can detect viral antigens, and PCR can amplify and detect specific DNA/RNA sequences. Using all methods together provides a comprehensive approach for diagnosing respiratory tract infections. Culture alone may miss fastidious organisms, Immunofluorescence has limitations in sensitivity, and PCR requires specific primers. Therefore, combining these methods increases the likelihood of accurate diagnosis by covering a range of pathogens and improving sensitivity and specificity.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing the plague?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Yersinia pestis
- C. Clostridium difficile
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis is the bacterium responsible for causing the plague, specifically the bubonic plague. It is transmitted through fleas and rodents. Escherichia coli (A) is a common gut bacterium, Clostridium difficile (C) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and Staphylococcus aureus (D) is associated with skin infections, but they are not responsible for causing the plague.