Nokea
Frusemide is:
- A. A loop diuretic
- B. Osmotic diuretic
- C. Aldosterone antagonist
- D. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Furosemide (Frusemide) is a loop diuretic that inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, leading to increased urine output.
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The FDA issued a safety announcement regarding the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in 2010 with the recommendation that:
- A. ESAs no longer be prescribed to patients with chronic renal failure
- B. The risk of tumor development be explained to cancer patients on ESA therapy
- C. Patients should no longer receive ESA therapy to prepare for allogenic transfusions
- D. ESAs be prescribed only to patients staying
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The 2010 FDA warning highlighted tumor progression risks in cancer patients on ESAs; renal use continues with caution.
In Ayurvedic medicine, treatment is based on the 'tistidever' dosha, which is referred to as the person's:
- A. Vata
- B. Pitta
- C. Kapha
- D. Prakriti
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prakriti is the individual's constitution in Ayurveda, guiding treatment based on dosha balance.
Which of the following drug has the ability to produce hypogliceic effect via closure of ATP-sensitive channels
- A. Glipizide
- B. Metformin
- C. Acarbose
- D. Pramlintide
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glipizide, a sulfonylurea, closes ATP-sensitive K+ channels, stimulating insulin release.
A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her fetus from a pregnancy category B drug. The nurse would inform the patient that:
- A. Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated there is no risk to the fetus.'
- B. Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women.'
- C. Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women.'
- D. There is evidence of human fetal risk but the potential benefits from use of the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Category B indicates that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in pregnant women. However, there have not been adequate studies in pregnant women to demonstrate risk to a fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Category A indicates that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus in the first trimester or in later trimesters. Category C indicates that animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there have been no adequate studies in humans. Category D reveals evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drugs in pregnant women may outweigh the risks.
A child with severe asthma is being treated oral prednisone. Which of the following adverse effects is of particular concern?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Hirsutism
- C. Growth suppression
- D. Cushing syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Growth suppression is a significant concern in children on long-term prednisone due to its impact on bone growth and development.