Nokea
Health education on early diagnosis and treatment is
- A. primary prevention
- B. secondary prevention
- C. tertiary prevention
- D. primordial prevention
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secondary prevention involves early detection and intervention to halt or slow the progression of disease.
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Which of the following is not a method to control for the effects of confounding?
- A. Randomization
- B. Stratification
- C. Matching
- D. Blinding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Blinding primarily reduces information bias, not confounding. Methods like randomization, stratification, and matching are specifically used to address confounding.
Net reproduction rate (NRR=1) implies a couple protection rate (CPR) of
- A. 50
- B. 60
- C. 70
- D. 80
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An NRR of 1 indicates replacement-level fertility, which corresponds to a CPR of approximately 50% in most populations.
Define the following terms: synergism
- A. The combined effect of two factors is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
- B. The combined effect of two factors is less than the sum of their individual effects.
- C. The neutralization of one factor by another.
- D. The isolation of one factor from another.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Synergism occurs when two or more factors interact to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
Define the following terms: Controlled clinical trial
- A. A study where all participants receive the same treatment.
- B. A trial comparing an intervention against a control group.
- C. A trial without any specific hypotheses.
- D. A trial conducted without ethical approval.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Controlled clinical trials compare interventions to a control to establish causality.
According to guideline recommended by WHO for quality of water E coli in distribution system per 100 ml of water is
- B. 50
- C. 100
- D. 5
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: WHO guidelines specify that no E. coli should be present in drinking water.