Nokea
Hepatitis B infection may present with:
- A. Jaundice
- B. Elevated serum aminotransferase levels
- C. No symptoms
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Hepatitis B infection can present with jaundice due to liver inflammation, elevated serum aminotransferase levels due to liver damage, and sometimes no symptoms in the acute phase. This comprehensive presentation covers the spectrum of possible clinical manifestations of hepatitis B infection. Choices A and B are correct as they are common manifestations of hepatitis B infection. Choice C is incorrect as hepatitis B infection can indeed present with symptoms, making option D the most appropriate choice.
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Bacteria that require oxygen for survival are called:
- A. Obligate anaerobes
- B. Facultative anaerobes
- C. Obligate aerobes
- D. Aerotolerant anaerobes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Obligate aerobes. These bacteria require oxygen for their survival and growth. They utilize oxygen in their metabolic processes and cannot survive in the absence of oxygen. Choice A, obligate anaerobes, cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Choice B, facultative anaerobes, can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism based on oxygen availability. Choice D, aerotolerant anaerobes, can tolerate the presence of oxygen but do not require it for their growth. Therefore, the most appropriate term for bacteria that require oxygen for survival is obligate aerobes.
Which of the following has a higher resistance to environmental stresses than the others?
- A. Bacterial endospores
- B. Fungal spores
- C. Enveloped viruses
- D. Vegetative bacterial cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacterial endospores. Bacterial endospores have a higher resistance to environmental stresses due to their unique structure, which includes a tough outer layer that protects the spore from harsh conditions such as heat, chemicals, and radiation. This protective layer allows endospores to remain dormant and survive in unfavorable environments until conditions improve.
Summary:
B: Fungal spores - While fungal spores can also survive in harsh conditions, they are generally not as resistant as bacterial endospores due to differences in their protective structures.
C: Enveloped viruses - Enveloped viruses are susceptible to environmental stresses as their lipid envelope can easily be damaged by heat, chemicals, and other factors.
D: Vegetative bacterial cells - Vegetative bacterial cells are more susceptible to environmental stresses compared to endospores, as they do not have the same level of protective mechanisms to survive in unfavorable conditions.
A patient with fever, chills, and neck stiffness had a cerebrospinal fluid sample with Gram-negative diplococci. What is the likely diagnosis?
- A. Meningococcal meningitis
- B. Pneumococcal meningitis
- C. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis
- D. Listeria monocytogenes meningitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The likely diagnosis is Meningococcal meningitis (Choice A) due to the presence of Gram-negative diplococci in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus commonly associated with meningococcal meningitis. Fever, chills, and neck stiffness are classic symptoms of bacterial meningitis, and Neisseria meningitidis often presents with these symptoms. Pneumococcal meningitis (Choice B) is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive organism. Haemophilus influenzae (Choice C) is also a Gram-negative organism but typically presents with a different clinical picture. Listeria monocytogenes (Choice D) is a Gram-positive rod and is more commonly associated with meningitis in neonates, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
On the 8th day since the patient was inoculated with antitetanic serum because of dirty wound of his foot he has developed rising temperature up to 380% , pains in the joints, rash and itch. The blood tests revealed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Allergic reaction of what type has developed in this case?
- A. Anaphylactic
- B. Cytotoxic
- C. Delayed type of hypersensitivity
- D. Immunocomplex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Immunocomplex. In this case, the patient's symptoms of fever, joint pains, rash, and itch along with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia indicate a serum sickness reaction. This is a type III hypersensitivity reaction where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. The symptoms typically occur 1-2 weeks after exposure to the antigen. Anaphylactic reaction (choice A) is immediate and involves IgE antibodies. Cytotoxic reaction (choice B) involves destruction of cells by antibodies. Delayed hypersensitivity (choice C) usually takes 48-72 hours to develop and involves T-cells. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it aligns with the symptoms and timeline of a type III hypersensitivity reaction.
A 65-year-old patient with fever and a productive cough had a sputum sample revealing Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Haemophilus influenzae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Klebsiella pneumoniae. This bacterium is commonly associated with pneumonia in elderly patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium that frequently causes pneumonia in individuals with underlying health conditions. It is known for its ability to produce a distinctive mucoid capsule. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B) is more commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Escherichia coli (C) is a common cause of urinary tract infections but is less likely in this case due to the symptoms and sputum sample results. Haemophilus influenzae (D) is another common respiratory pathogen, but in this scenario, Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most likely causative agent based on the patient's age, symptoms, and the characteristics of the bacteria described in the sputum sample.