Nokea
Histamine, released during an allergic reaction, causes symptoms like:
- A. Fever and fatigue
- B. Runny nose and itchiness
- C. Muscle aches and joint pain
- D. Cough and shortness of breath
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine is a chemical released by the immune system during an allergic reaction. It is responsible for causing symptoms such as a runny nose, itchiness, sneezing, and watery eyes. These symptoms are commonly seen in allergies like hay fever. Fever and fatigue (option A) are not typically caused by histamine release during an allergic reaction. Muscle aches and joint pain (option C) are not common symptoms of histamine release in allergic reactions. Cough and shortness of breath (option D) are more commonly associated with asthma or respiratory allergies rather than histamine release.
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What does the T wave on an ECG correspond to?
- A. Atrial depolarization
- B. Ventricular depolarization
- C. Atrial repolarization
- D. Ventricular repolarization
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The T wave on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization. Following ventricular depolarization, which is represented by the QRS complex, the ventricles undergo repolarization during the T wave. This phase signifies the recovery of ventricular muscle cells as they prepare for the subsequent depolarization cycle. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the T wave specifically reflects the repolarization of the ventricles, not the atria or their respective depolarization or repolarization phases.
Which property of a substance refers to its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances?
- A. Density
- B. Mass
- C. Reactivity
- D. Volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Reactivity is the property of a substance that describes its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances through chemical reactions. Density, mass, and volume are physical properties of a substance and do not directly relate to its ability to undergo chemical changes. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume, mass is the amount of matter present, and volume is the amount of space occupied by the substance. Reactivity specifically deals with how likely a substance is to engage in chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is C - Reactivity.
Through what tubes does urine travel from the kidneys to the bladder?
- A. Urethra
- B. Ureters
- C. Renal arteries
- D. Renal veins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Ureters.' The ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra, not a choice in this question, is the tube responsible for carrying urine from the bladder out of the body. Renal arteries and veins are blood vessels that respectively supply and drain the kidneys, not involved in the transport of urine to the bladder.
What is the difference between exhalation (expiration) and inhalation (inspiration)?
- A. Exhalation involves active muscle contraction, while inhalation is passive.
- B. Inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air, while exhalation releases carbon dioxide-rich air.
- C. Exhalation occurs through the nose only, while inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth.
- D. Inhalation warms and humidifies air, while exhalation cools and dries air.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Exhalation (expiration) involves active muscle contraction, specifically the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and push air out of the lungs. In contrast, inhalation (inspiration) is a passive process where the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to increase the thoracic cavity volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as exhalation removes carbon dioxide-rich air and inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air. Choice C is incorrect because both exhalation and inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth. Choice D is inaccurate as inhalation humidifies and warms the air, while exhalation cools and dries it.
Which term refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow?
- A. Density
- B. Viscosity
- C. Surface tension
- D. Boiling point
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Viscosity is the term that refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow. It is a measure of how thick or sticky a fluid is and determines how easily a liquid can flow. Density (A) is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume and is not related to the resistance of a liquid to flow. Surface tension (C) is the property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of its molecules, but it is not directly related to the resistance of a liquid to flow. Boiling point (D) is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor and is not a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow.