Nokea
How can maternal obesity be managed during pregnancy to improve outcomes?
- A. Regular exercise
- B. A balanced diet
- C. Monitoring weight gain
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Regular exercise helps control weight gain and improves maternal health. A balanced diet provides essential nutrients for both mother and baby. Monitoring weight gain ensures healthy weight management. Combining all three strategies optimizes outcomes by reducing risks associated with maternal obesity, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension. Each option plays a crucial role in managing maternal obesity during pregnancy for better overall health and well-being.
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Breech presentation: a) What is meant by “breech presentation”?
- A. Head-first presentation
- B. Bottom or feet-first presentation
- C. Oblique lie
- D. Transverse lie
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Breech presentation refers to the bottom or feet-first position of the baby in the uterus. This is the correct answer (B) because it accurately defines breech presentation. Choice A (head-first presentation) is incorrect as it describes the typical vertex presentation. Choices C (oblique lie) and D (transverse lie) are also incorrect as they refer to other abnormal fetal positions that are different from breech presentation.
The correct statement about shoulder dystocia is
- A. It’s an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- B. It’s an impaction of the posterior shoulder after delivery of the head
- C. Shoulder dystocia occurs due to compound presentation of the fetus
- D. Shoulder dystocia is not an emergency, it usually resolves on its own
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct statement about shoulder dystocia is A: It’s an impaction of the anterior shoulder after delivery of the head. This is accurate as shoulder dystocia occurs when the anterior shoulder becomes impacted behind the maternal pubic symphysis. This can lead to difficulty delivering the shoulders after the head is delivered. B is incorrect as shoulder dystocia involves the anterior shoulder, not the posterior. C is incorrect as shoulder dystocia is not related to compound presentation. D is incorrect as shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent complications for both the mother and the baby.
Which of the following is not a true statement with respect to decision making for a cognitively impaired patient?
- A. Only a court can declare a patient incompetent
- B. Impaired cognition does not make a person incompetent
- C. Living wills typically are honored if a person is terminally ill
- D. A patient can give informed consent if not declared incompetent
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because living wills typically are not always honored for cognitively impaired patients. Step-by-step rationale: A) Incorrect - A court can declare a patient incompetent if they are unable to make decisions. B) Incorrect - Impaired cognition can indeed make a person incompetent. D) Incorrect - A patient must have the capacity to understand information and make decisions to give informed consent.
Based upon an understanding of the normal relationship between gastrin levels and acid secretion, the AGACNP recognizes that which of the following combinations is almost diagnostic of gastrinoma?
- A. Hypogastrinemia and acid hyposecretion
- B. Hypergastrinemia and acid hyposecretion
- C. Hypogastrinemia and acid hypersecretion
- D. Hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion. Gastrinoma is a tumor that secretes excessive gastrin, leading to elevated gastrin levels. High gastrin levels stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, resulting in acid hypersecretion. Therefore, the combination of hypergastrinemia and acid hypersecretion is almost diagnostic of gastrinoma.
A: Hypogastrinemia and acid hyposecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma leads to increased gastrin levels and subsequent acid hypersecretion.
B: Hypergastrinemia and acid hyposecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma is associated with acid hypersecretion, not hyposecretion.
C: Hypogastrinemia and acid hypersecretion is incorrect because gastrinoma causes elevated gastrin levels and acid hypersecretion, not hypogastrinemia.
In summary, the correct answer D aligns with the pathophysiology of gastrinoma, while the
How does maternal obesity affect pregnancy outcomes?
- A. Increases risk of gestational diabetes
- B. Causes miscarriage
- C. Leads to anemia
- D. Reduces chance of preterm labor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increases risk of gestational diabetes. Maternal obesity can lead to insulin resistance, increasing the likelihood of developing gestational diabetes during pregnancy. This condition can have negative effects on both the mother and the baby.
B: Miscarriage is not directly linked to maternal obesity but can be influenced by other factors.
C: Maternal obesity is not a direct cause of anemia during pregnancy. Anemia is usually related to iron deficiency or other factors.
D: Maternal obesity is actually associated with an increased risk of preterm labor, not a reduced chance. This is due to various complications such as hypertension and preeclampsia.