Nokea
How do people get infected with diphtheria
- A. by swimming in contaminated water
- B. by transmission
- C. by droplets and physical contact
- D. by contaminated food
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because diphtheria is primarily spread through respiratory droplets and physical contact with an infected person. The bacteria responsible for diphtheria is transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or sharing personal items. Swimming in contaminated water (A) does not spread diphtheria. Transmission (B) is a broad term and does not specifically address the mode of transmission for diphtheria. Contaminated food (D) is not a typical route of diphtheria transmission. Therefore, option C is the most accurate choice based on the known mode of transmission for diphtheria.
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Which statement about the fungal mycelium is correct:
- A. It consists of intertwined hyphae
- B. Part of the mycelium goes in the medium and forms the substrate mycelium
- C. Part of the mycelium stays above the medium and forms the aerial mycelium
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
- A: The mycelium is indeed made up of intertwined hyphae, which are the branching filaments of fungi.
- B: Part of the mycelium does grow into the medium to acquire nutrients, forming the substrate mycelium.
- C: Some parts of the mycelium remain above the medium to aid in reproduction and spore dispersal, forming the aerial mycelium.
Therefore, all statements (A, B, and C) are correct, making choice D the correct answer. The mycelium exhibits both intertwined hyphae, substrate mycelium, and aerial mycelium to facilitate different functions.
What are actinomycotic granules:
- A. a form of actinomycosis
- B. additional outer membrane of some actinomycetes
- C. colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions
- D. intracellular inclusions in some actinomycetes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Actinomycotic granules are colonies of actinomycetes located in purulent secretions.
Step 2: Actinomycosis is a disease caused by actinomycetes forming these granules.
Step 3: Actinomycotic granules are typically found in tissue exudates or pus.
Step 4: Therefore, choice C is correct as it accurately describes actinomycotic granules.
Summary:
Choice A is incorrect because actinomycotic granules are not a form of actinomycosis itself, but a characteristic of the disease. Choice B is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not an additional outer membrane but rather colonies of actinomycetes. Choice D is incorrect as actinomycotic granules are not intracellular inclusions but extracellular colonies found in purulent secretions.
Bacterial infections of the female reproductive system include:
- A. vaginitis, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis
- B. nephritis, endometritis, vaginitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. toxic shock syndrome, nephritis, endometritis, and cystitis
- D. endometritis, vaginitis, cystitis, and toxic shock syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Vaginitis is a common bacterial infection in the female reproductive system.
2. Toxic shock syndrome can be caused by certain bacterial infections.
3. Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium often due to bacterial infections.
4. Salpingitis is inflammation of the fallopian tubes, commonly caused by bacteria.
Summary:
- Choice B: Nephritis is a kidney infection, not related to female reproductive system infections.
- Choice C: Nephritis and cystitis are not specific to the female reproductive system.
- Choice D: Cystitis is a bladder infection, not typically considered part of female reproductive system infections.
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Gram-positive bacteria?
- A. Outer membrane
- B. Thin peptidoglycan layer
- C. Thick peptidoglycan layer
- D. Presence of LPS
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thick peptidoglycan layer. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain during Gram staining. This thick layer is a key characteristic feature that helps differentiate Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria.
Rationale:
1. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain due to their thick peptidoglycan layer.
2. This thick layer provides structural support and protection to the cell.
3. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane, which is a feature of Gram-negative bacteria (Choice A).
4. Thin peptidoglycan layer is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria, not Gram-positive (Choice B).
5. Presence of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is a feature of Gram-negative bacteria, not Gram-positive (Choice D).
In summary, the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer is a characteristic feature of Gram-positive
A man uses dentures. The dentist has noticed mucosal lecions with a white coating in his oral cavity. Microscopy of the coating detected large oval Gram-positive cells. What microorganisms have caused stomatitis in the patient?
- A. Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus
- B. Actinomycetes
- C. Streptococci
- D. Oral spirochetes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yeast-like fungi of Candida genus. Candida is a common cause of oral thrush/stomatitis, characterized by mucosal lesions with white coating. The presence of large oval Gram-positive cells is indicative of Candida species. Actinomycetes (B) are filamentous bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells. Streptococci (C) are spherical bacteria, not oval, and are not commonly associated with stomatitis. Oral spirochetes (D) are spiral-shaped bacteria and not oval Gram-positive cells typically seen in Candida infections. Thus, A is the correct choice based on the characteristic morphology and clinical presentation.