Nokea
How does the pressure 'P4' at label '4' compare to the pressure 'P5' at label '5'?
- A. P4 is higher than P5 during inhalation and then lower during exhalation
- B. P4 is always higher than P5
- C. P4 is always lower than P5
- D. P4 always equals P5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because pressure decreases as air moves from a region of higher pressure to lower pressure. At label '4', the air pressure is higher due to inhalation, and at label '5', the pressure is lower as air exits during exhalation. Therefore, P4 is always lower than P5. Choices A and B are incorrect because pressure dynamics change during inhalation and exhalation. Choice D is incorrect as pressure imbalances exist during breathing.
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While assessing a patient who has pneumonia, the nurse has the patient repeat the letter E while the nurse auscultates. The nurse notes that the patient's voice sounds are distorted and that the letter A is audible instead of the letter E. How should this finding be documented?
- A. Bronchophony
- B. Egophony
- C. Whispered pectoriloquy
- D. Sonorous wheezes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Egophony. Egophony is a lung sound in which the spoken "E" sound changes to a loud, nasal "A" sound when auscultated, indicating consolidation in the lungs, such as in pneumonia. This finding should be documented as egophony because it specifically describes the distortion of voice sounds during auscultation related to lung pathology.
A: Bronchophony refers to increased clarity and loudness of spoken sounds during auscultation and is not specific to the distortion of the voice sounds as in the given scenario.
C: Whispered pectoriloquy describes whispered sounds being heard clearly during auscultation, which is different from the scenario presented.
D: Sonorous wheezes are continuous low-pitched wheezing sounds heard with inspiration or expiration, not related to the distortion of voice sounds as in egophony.
The nurse advises the parents of a child who is in status asthmaticus that if not corrected, the result could be:
- A. Pneumothorax, severe hypoxemia, and respiratory arrest.
- B. Hypertension, CVA, and cardiac arrest.
- C. Respiratory alkalosis, pneumonia, and death.
- D. Lung abscess, cor pulmonale, and respiratory failure.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because status asthmaticus can lead to pneumothorax due to increased air trapping, severe hypoxemia from impaired gas exchange, and respiratory arrest from respiratory muscle fatigue. Pneumothorax can occur due to increased intrathoracic pressure during an asthma attack. Hypertension, CVA, and cardiac arrest (choice B) are not typical complications of status asthmaticus. Respiratory alkalosis, pneumonia, and death (choice C) are less likely outcomes compared to the severe complications mentioned in choice A. Lung abscess, cor pulmonale, and respiratory failure (choice D) are not directly associated with the pathophysiology of status asthmaticus.
Partial pressure of Oxygen in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 158 and 116 mm Hg
- B. 158 and 40 mm Hg
- C. 100 and 95 nn Hg
- D. 40 and 95 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (158 and 40 mm Hg) because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is approximately 158 mm Hg, while in expired air it decreases to around 40 mm Hg due to oxygen being taken up by the body tissues for metabolism. Choice A (158 and 116 mm Hg) is incorrect because expired air has a lower partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air. Choice C (100 and 95 mm Hg) is incorrect as it does not reflect the significant decrease in oxygen partial pressure from inspired to expired air. Choice D (40 and 95 mm Hg) is incorrect as it has the values reversed, with expired air having a higher partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air, which is not physiologically accurate.
Expiration involves
- A. Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostals muscles
- B. Contraction of diaphragm and intercostals muscles
- C. Contraction of diaphragm muscles
- D. Contraction of inter costal muscles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because expiration involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. During expiration, the diaphragm moves up and the intercostal muscles relax, causing the thoracic cavity to decrease in volume. This increase in pressure forces air out of the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the process of inspiration, not expiration. Choice C is incorrect because expiration involves both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, not just the diaphragm muscles. Choice D is incorrect as the intercostal muscles also relax during expiration, rather than contracting.
Tachypnoea means
- A. Rapid shallow breathing
- B. Rapid deep breathing
- C. Slow and shallow breathing
- D. Slow and deep breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Rapid shallow breathing. Tachypnoea refers to an increased respiratory rate, which can lead to shallow breathing. Rapid breathing helps to compensate for inadequate oxygen levels. Choice B is incorrect because tachypnoea is not typically associated with deep breathing. Choices C and D are incorrect as they describe slow breathing patterns, which are opposite to tachypnoea.