Nokea
which of the following part of the ear separate middle ear from outer ear
- A. oval window
- B. round window
- C. Malleaus
- D. tympanic membrane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: tympanic membrane because it separates the middle ear from the outer ear. The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, vibrates in response to sound waves and transmits these vibrations to the middle ear. The oval window (A) is a membrane-covered opening in the inner ear that receives vibrations from the stapes bone. The round window (B) is a membrane-covered opening that equalizes pressure within the inner ear. The malleus (C) is a small bone in the middle ear that transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. Therefore, the tympanic membrane is the correct answer as it physically separates the middle ear from the outer ear.
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The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to:
- A. the cell wall of bacteria.
- B. the plasma membrane of bacteria.
- C. two antibodies attached to an antigen.
- D. a cell surface antigen.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in the classic pathway of complement activation, C1 binds to two antibodies attached to an antigen, forming an immune complex. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions leading to the activation of complement proteins. Choice A is incorrect as C1 does not bind directly to the cell wall of bacteria. Choice B is incorrect as C1 does not bind to the plasma membrane of bacteria. Choice D is incorrect as C1 does not bind directly to a cell surface antigen. The key step in the classic pathway is the recognition of immune complexes by C1, initiating the complement activation cascade.
Tuberculosis in man is caused by
- A. A type of bacteria
- B. A virus
- C. A protozon
- D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: A type of bacteria. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a type of bacteria. This bacterium infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. The other choices (B: A virus, C: A protozoan, D: Malnutrition) are incorrect because tuberculosis is specifically caused by a bacterial infection, not a virus, protozoan, or malnutrition. Bacteria can be identified through specific staining techniques and culture methods, distinguishing them from viruses and protozoa. Malnutrition is a risk factor for developing tuberculosis but is not the direct cause of the disease.
A nurse is assisting a physician with the removal of a chest tube. The nurse should instruct the client to:
- A. Exhale slowly
- B. Stay very still
- C. Inhale and exhale quickly
- D. Perform the Valsalva maneuver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Perform the Valsalva maneuver. The Valsalva maneuver involves holding the breath and bearing down, which helps prevent air from entering the pleural space during chest tube removal, reducing the risk of a pneumothorax. Exhaling slowly (A) or inhaling and exhaling quickly (C) can increase the risk of air entering the pleural space. Staying very still (B) is important to minimize movement during the procedure, but performing the Valsalva maneuver is crucial to prevent complications.
Food and drink are prevented from entering the respiratory passageways during swallowing by means of the
- A. glottis.
- B. pharynx.
- C. epiglottis.
- D. larynx.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: epiglottis. During swallowing, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx to prevent food and drink from entering the respiratory passageways. It acts as a lid that directs food and liquids to the esophagus instead of the trachea. The glottis (choice A) is the space between the vocal cords, the pharynx (choice B) is the passageway for food and air, and the larynx (choice D) contains the vocal cords. The epiglottis specifically functions to protect the airway during swallowing.
In medical term shortness of breathing known as
- A. SOB
- B. dyspnea
- C. Both a and b
- D. non of these
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Both A and B. "SOB" is the abbreviation for shortness of breath, while "dyspnea" is the medical term for difficulty breathing. Both terms are used interchangeably to describe the sensation of breathing difficulty. Choosing C is correct because it encompasses both terms that are synonymous with the medical condition. Option D is incorrect because there are appropriate terms for shortness of breathing, which are provided in options A and B. Option A is incorrect because it only provides the abbreviation for the term without the actual medical term. Option B is incorrect because it only provides one of the terms used to describe shortness of breathing, while the correct answer includes both terms.