Nokea
Partial pressure of Oxygen in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 158 and 116 mm Hg
- B. 158 and 40 mm Hg
- C. 100 and 95 nn Hg
- D. 40 and 95 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (158 and 40 mm Hg) because the partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air is approximately 158 mm Hg, while in expired air it decreases to around 40 mm Hg due to oxygen being taken up by the body tissues for metabolism. Choice A (158 and 116 mm Hg) is incorrect because expired air has a lower partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air. Choice C (100 and 95 mm Hg) is incorrect as it does not reflect the significant decrease in oxygen partial pressure from inspired to expired air. Choice D (40 and 95 mm Hg) is incorrect as it has the values reversed, with expired air having a higher partial pressure of oxygen than inspired air, which is not physiologically accurate.
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How does the pressure 'P4' at label '4' compare to the pressure 'P5' at label '5'?
- A. P4 is higher than P5 during inhalation and then lower during exhalation
- B. P4 is always higher than P5
- C. P4 is always lower than P5
- D. P4 always equals P5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because pressure decreases as air moves from a region of higher pressure to lower pressure. At label '4', the air pressure is higher due to inhalation, and at label '5', the pressure is lower as air exits during exhalation. Therefore, P4 is always lower than P5. Choices A and B are incorrect because pressure dynamics change during inhalation and exhalation. Choice D is incorrect as pressure imbalances exist during breathing.
While assessing a client who has facial trauma the nurse auscultates stridor. The client is anxious and restless. What action would the nurse take first?
- A. Contact the primary health care provider and prepare for intubation.
- B. Administer prescribed albuterol nebulizer therapy.
- C. Place the client in high-Fowler position.
- D. Ask the client to perform deep-breathing exercises.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Stridor indicates upper airway obstruction, which can quickly progress to respiratory distress. As the client is anxious and restless, immediate intervention is crucial. Contacting the primary health care provider and preparing for intubation is the priority to secure the airway and ensure adequate oxygenation. Administering albuterol, positioning in high-Fowler, or deep-breathing exercises are not appropriate as they do not address the acute airway compromise.
A nurse is assisting a physician with the removal of a chest tube. The nurse should instruct the client to:
- A. Exhale slowly
- B. Stay very still
- C. Inhale and exhale quickly
- D. Perform the Valsalva maneuver
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Perform the Valsalva maneuver. The Valsalva maneuver involves holding the breath and bearing down, which helps prevent air from entering the pleural space during chest tube removal, reducing the risk of a pneumothorax. Exhaling slowly (A) or inhaling and exhaling quickly (C) can increase the risk of air entering the pleural space. Staying very still (B) is important to minimize movement during the procedure, but performing the Valsalva maneuver is crucial to prevent complications.
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?
- A. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs
- B. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter
- C. It causes RBCs to swell
- D. It is driven by a rise in PCO2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the chloride shift actually causes RBCs to shrink, not swell. During the chloride shift, chloride ions move out of RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions to maintain electrochemical equilibrium. This process helps maintain pH balance in blood. Choices A and B are correct as they accurately describe aspects of the chloride shift. Choice D is incorrect because the chloride shift is primarily driven by a decrease in PCO2, not a rise.
Which blood pressure (BP) finding by the nurse indicates that no changes in therapy are needed for a 78-yr-old patient with newly diagnosed hypertension?
- A. 98/56 mm Hg
- B. 118/76 mm Hg
- C. 128/92 mm Hg
- D. 142/78 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (118/76 mm Hg) because it falls within the recommended range for a 78-year-old patient with hypertension. The systolic BP should ideally be below 140 mm Hg and the diastolic BP below 90 mm Hg for this age group. Option A is too low for systolic BP, indicating hypotension. Option C has elevated diastolic BP, suggesting uncontrolled hypertension. Option D has high systolic BP, indicating a need for therapy adjustment. Thus, only option B aligns with the guidelines, making it the correct choice.