Nokea
How does the secondary (memory) immune response differ from the primary immune response?
- A. It is mediated by the adaptive immune system rather than the innate immune system
- B. It is less antigen-specific
- C. It is slower and weaker
- D. It is faster and stronger
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the secondary immune response is faster and stronger compared to the primary response. This is due to the presence of memory B and T cells from the primary response that can quickly recognize and respond to the antigen upon re-exposure. These memory cells allow for a more rapid and robust immune response, leading to quicker elimination of the pathogen. Choices A and B are incorrect because both primary and secondary responses involve the adaptive immune system and are antigen-specific. Choice C is incorrect as the secondary response is faster and more potent than the primary response.
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A 26-year-old man was adopted. What health information related to his biological parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married (select all that apply)?
- A. Cholecystitis occurring in family members
- B. Occurrence of prostate cancer in one uncle
- C. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases
- D. Kidney stones present in extended family members
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Information about specific diseases like prostate cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death provide critical insights into potential hereditary risks, making them highly relevant for future health planning.
To what is the increase in emerging and untreatable infections attributed (select all that apply)?
- A. The evolution of new infectious agents
- B. Use of antibiotics to treat viral infections
- C. Human population encroachment into wilderness areas
- D. Transmission of infectious agents from humans to animals
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer includes options A, B, C, and E. The evolution of new infectious agents, inappropriate use of antibiotics, human encroachment into wilderness areas, and an increased number of immunosuppressed individuals contribute significantly to the rise in untreatable infections. Transmission from humans to animals is less relevant compared to zoonotic transmission from animals to humans.
A patient identified as HIV antibody–positive 1 year ago manifests acute HIV infection but does not want to start antiretroviral therapy at this time. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for the patient at this stage of illness?
- A. Assist with end-of-life issues
- B. Provide care during acute exacerbations
- C. Provide physical care for chronic diseases
- D. Teach the patient about immune enhancement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Immune enhancement strategies, such as nutrition and stress reduction, can help maintain health until the patient decides to initiate ART.
Phagocytes were discovered by:
- A. Ilya Metchnikoff
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Emil von Behring
- D. Robert Koch
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ilya Metchnikoff. He discovered phagocytes through his research on immune responses in starfish larvae. Metchnikoff observed cells engulfing foreign particles, leading to the discovery of phagocytosis. Louis Pasteur is famous for his work in microbiology and vaccination. Emil von Behring discovered antitoxins. Robert Koch is known for his work in bacteriology and identifying the causative agents of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Metchnikoff specifically discovered phagocytes.
Hfr strains of bacteria:
- A. do not have an 'F' (fertility) factor.
- B. have an 'F' factor plasmid.
- C. have an 'F' factor integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
- D. transfer the genetic information to other bacteria with ow frequency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Hfr strains of bacteria have the F factor integrated into their bacterial chromosome. This integration allows for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. This integration results in a high frequency of genetic information transfer to recipient cells, which is a characteristic of Hfr strains.
Choice A is incorrect because Hfr strains do have the F factor, but it is integrated into their chromosome, not absent. Choice B is incorrect because Hfr strains do not just have an F factor plasmid; it is integrated into the chromosome. Choice D is incorrect because Hfr strains actually transfer genetic information with high frequency, not low frequency.