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How is a client positioned for a thoracentesis?
- A. The client sits at the side of the bed.
- B. The client lies on the affected side.
- C. The client lies flat on the back.
- D. The client lies down with the head raised.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. For thoracentesis, the client typically sits at the edge of the bed, leaning forward with arms supported on a table or over their knees to spread out the intercostal spaces and stabilize the chest wall. B is incorrect because lying on the affected side would compress the area being accessed. C is wrong as lying flat reduces access to the pleural space. D is incorrect because raising the head is not standard positioning for this procedure.
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Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs in
- A. a gaseous form
- B. blood plasma.
- C. potassium carbonate ions.
- D. bicarbonate ions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: bicarbonate ions. When carbon dioxide is produced by the body, it combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid. This carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions, which are more soluble and can easily travel to the lungs where they are converted back into carbon dioxide for exhalation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the form of bicarbonate ions, not as a gas, in blood plasma, or as potassium carbonate ions.
A client with pneumonia has a fever of 101.4° F (38.6° C) a nonproductive cough and an O2 saturation of 88%. The client is weak and needs assistance to get out of bed. Which client problem should the nurse assign as the priority?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Hyperthermia
- C. Impaired mobility
- D. Impaired gas exchange
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Impaired gas exchange. This is the priority because the client's O2 saturation of 88% indicates poor oxygenation, which can lead to serious complications like hypoxemia. The fever and nonproductive cough are symptoms of pneumonia contributing to impaired gas exchange. Addressing this issue is crucial to prevent respiratory distress.
A: Fatigue - While important, fatigue is a secondary concern compared to impaired gas exchange, which directly affects oxygenation and can be life-threatening.
B: Hyperthermia - The client's fever is likely related to the pneumonia but managing impaired gas exchange takes precedence as it directly impacts oxygen delivery to tissues.
C: Impaired mobility - While assisting the client out of bed is necessary, the priority is to address the underlying problem of impaired gas exchange to prevent respiratory compromise.
diaphragm relaxes and decrease thoracic space in which phase of respiration.
- A. inspiration
- B. expiration
- C. Pause
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, causing it to move upwards, which decreases the thoracic space. This leads to the expulsion of air from the lungs. In contrast, during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, increasing the thoracic space to allow air to enter the lungs. Option C, Pause, does not involve any specific respiratory phase. Option D, both a and b, is incorrect because during inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space. Therefore, the correct answer is B, expiration, as this phase specifically involves the relaxation of the diaphragm and the decrease in thoracic space.
The Alveolar epithelium is lined with
- A. Non-ciliated Squamous epithelium
- B. Ciliated Squamous epithelium
- C. Ciliated epithelium
- D. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Non-ciliated Squamous epithelium. The alveolar epithelium in the lungs is composed of thin, flat cells called squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium allows for efficient gas exchange by providing a short diffusion distance. Ciliated epithelium (choice C) and ciliated columnar epithelium (choice D) are not found in the alveoli as they are more suited for moving mucus and debris in the respiratory tract. Ciliated squamous epithelium (choice B) is not a common epithelial type in the alveoli and is not as thin as non-ciliated squamous epithelium, making it less efficient for gas exchange.
What is the name given to the respiratory ailment in which the bronchioles constrict severely?
- A. pleurisy
- B. emphysema
- C. bronchitis
- D. asthma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: asthma. Asthma is a respiratory ailment characterized by severe constriction of the bronchioles due to inflammation and muscle contraction. This leads to difficulty breathing and wheezing. Pleurisy (A) is inflammation of the lining of the lungs, emphysema (B) is a long-term lung disease, and bronchitis (C) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Asthma specifically refers to the bronchioles constriction, making it the correct choice.