Nokea
How is urinary function maintained during the acute phase of spinal cord injury?
- A. An indwelling catheter
- B. Intermittent catheterization
- C. Insertion of a suprapubic catheter
- D. Use of incontinent pads to protect the skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An indwelling catheter is standard during the acute phase.
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True statements about EOG (electro-oculogram) include:
- A. the EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in central retinal vein occlusion
- B. the light peak of EOG is abnormal in Best's disease
- C. the EOG light rise is produced by depolarization of the basal membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The EOG light-peak to dark-trough ratio is reduced in retinal vein occlusion, the light peak is abnormal in Best's disease, and the light rise is due to RPE depolarization. All statements are true.
Which of the following would indicate side effects of the gold therapy?
- A. Symptoms of gastric irritation
- B. Generalized edema
- C. Elevated blood pressure
- D. Symptoms of visual disturbance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gastric irritation is a common side effect of gold therapy.
In evolutionary terms, which is the oldest part of the brain?
- A. the limbic system
- B. the cortex
- C. the right hemisphere
- D. the brain stem
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms, as it is responsible for basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It includes structures like the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brainstem has been conserved throughout evolution and is present in all vertebrates, making it a fundamental component of the central nervous system. In contrast, the cortex and limbic system evolved later and are more developed in higher mammals.
What is the primary difference between somatic system disorders and dissociative disorders?
- A. Somatic system disorders are under voluntary control, whereas dissociative disorders are unconscious and automatic.
- B. Dissociative disorders are precipitated by psychological factors, whereas somatic system disorders are related to stress.
- C. Dissociative disorders are individually determined and related to childhood sexual abuse, whereas somatic system disorders are culture bound.
- D. Dissociative disorders entail stress-related disruptions of memory, consciousness, or identity, whereas somatic system disorders involve the expression of psychological stress through somatic symptoms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Define somatic system disorders (SSD) as physical symptoms caused by psychological distress.
Step 2: Define dissociative disorders as disruptions in memory, consciousness, or identity due to stress.
Step 3: Identify that the primary difference is how stress manifests: SSD through physical symptoms and dissociative disorders through disruptions in memory, consciousness, or identity.
Step 4: Choose D as the correct answer as it accurately distinguishes between the two types of disorders.
Summary:
A: Incorrect, as it inaccurately describes the nature of somatic system and dissociative disorders.
B: Incorrect, as it oversimplifies the triggers for each type of disorder.
C: Incorrect, as it generalizes the causes of dissociative disorders and somatic system disorders.
What is another name for the preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart?
- A. solitary tract
- B. vasomotor nerve
- C. vagus nerve
- D. cardiac accelerator nerve
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cardiac accelerator nerve. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers that project to the heart are part of the cardiac accelerator nerves, which increase heart rate and force of contraction. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: solitary tract - involved in transmitting sensory information related to taste and visceral sensations.
B: vasomotor nerve - regulates blood vessel tone and blood pressure.
C: vagus nerve - part of the parasympathetic nervous system and slows down heart rate and decreases force of contraction.