Nokea
Humans normally have 20 deciduous or 'baby' teeth and adults 32 permanent teeth. The 12 additional teeth in humans represent
- A. incisors and canines.
- B. canines and premolars.
- C. premolars and molars.
- D. all molars.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: premolars and molars. Deciduous teeth consist of incisors, canines, and molars, totaling 20 in children. Adults have 32 permanent teeth, which include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Therefore, the 12 additional teeth in adults are the premolars and molars, making choice C the correct answer. Choice A (incisors and canines) is incorrect because these teeth are present in both deciduous and permanent dentition. Choice B (canines and premolars) is incorrect as it does not account for all 12 additional teeth in adults. Choice D (all molars) is incorrect as it excludes the premolars, which are also part of the additional teeth in adults.
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Which type of cells produce insulin in the pancreas?
- A. acinar cells
- B. duct cells
- C. alpha cells
- D. beta cells
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: beta cells. Beta cells are the specific type of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin. They are located in the islets of Langerhans and play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. Acinar cells (A) are responsible for producing digestive enzymes, duct cells (B) are involved in transporting pancreatic enzymes, and alpha cells (C) produce glucagon, which has the opposite effect of insulin in regulating blood sugar. Therefore, the correct choice is beta cells as they are the primary insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
The major part of the aqueous component (other than water) of pancreatic juice is
- A. mucus.
- B. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase.
- C. bicarbonate ions.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Pancreatic juice is alkaline to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. Bicarbonate ions are secreted by pancreatic duct cells and play a major role in maintaining the pH balance. Mucus (choice A) is produced by goblet cells and helps protect the lining of the digestive tract but is not a major component of pancreatic juice. Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase (choice B) are pancreatic enzymes, not the major component of the aqueous component. Secretin (choice D) is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions but is not a component of pancreatic juice itself.
The nurse recognizes that teaching a patient following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been effective when the patient makes which statement?
- A. "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow."
- B. "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks."
- C. "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days."
- D. "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): The statement "I can take a shower and walk around the house tomorrow" indicates an understanding of post-operative activity expectations. After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, early ambulation is encouraged to prevent complications like blood clots. Additionally, showering promotes wound healing and hygiene.
Incorrect Choices:
B: "I need to limit my activities and not return to work for 4 weeks" - This choice is incorrect as it overestimates the recovery time for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which typically allows for a quicker return to normal activities.
C: "I can expect yellowish drainage from the incision for a few days" - While drainage is common after surgery, the color and duration mentioned are not typical for this procedure.
D: "I will follow a low-fat diet for life because I do not have a gallbladder" - Following a low-fat diet is recommended after surgery, but the statement is too extreme as dietary
The shortest section of the intestines is the _____.
- A. colon
- B. duodenum
- C. ileum
- D. jejunum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: duodenum. The duodenum is the shortest section of the small intestine, measuring around 25-30 cm in length. It is the first part of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in the digestion process by receiving partially digested food from the stomach and mixing it with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The colon (choice A) is the longest part of the large intestine, the ileum (choice C) and jejunum (choice D) are longer sections of the small intestine, following the duodenum in the digestive tract. Therefore, the duodenum is the correct answer as it is specifically the shortest part of the intestines.
A client with cirrhosis is at risk for developing complications. Which condition is the most serious and potentially life-threatening?
- A. Esophageal varices
- B. Ascites
- C. Peripheral edema
- D. Asterixis (liver flap)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Esophageal varices can rupture and cause life-threatening hemorrhage, making them the most serious complication.