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Hyperglycaemia is involved in cardiovascular complications in diabetes. There are several mechanisms through which high glucose levels in endothelial cells can lead to complications. Question: Which mechanism is NOT directly associated with cardiovascular complications in diabetes?
- A. Activation of PKC
- B. AGE pathway
- C. Sorbitol pathway
- D. Fatty acid oxidation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: High glucose trashes vessels PKC, AGEs, sorbitol clog the works, but fatty acid burn's metabolic, not direct CV. Nurses spot this, a chronic heart sidestep.
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The definition of Chronic Heart Failure is:
- A. Failure of the heart to adequately pump blood to the body
- B. Long-term inability of the heart to meet metabolic demands required to maintain homeostasis
- C. Prolonged enlargement of the left ventricle impacting on the contractility of the muscle
- D. Long term fluid build-up, causing increase in blood volume and reducing the ability of the heart to maintain blood flow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic heart failure's essence long-term pump lag can't match body's metabolic needs, a homeostasis bust. Simple pump fail's vague; LV growth or fluid traps are bits, not the whole. Nurses grasp this, a chronic ticker's root.
A general practitioner (GP) advises an overweight patient to go to the gym to work out. Question: This advice is an example of which type of prevention?
- A. Primary prevention
- B. Secondary prevention
- C. Tertiary prevention
- D. Quaternary prevention
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gym nudge for overweight primary, stops diabetes before it starts, not screening or late fixes. Nurses push this, a chronic preemptive strike.
The hospice nurse is caring for a patient with cancer in her home. The nurse has explained to the patient and the family that the patient is at risk for hypercalcemia and has educated them on that signs and symptoms of this health problem. What else should the nurse teach this patient and family to do to reduce the patient's risk of hypercalcemia?
- A. Stool softeners are contraindicated
- B. Laxatives should be taken daily
- C. Consume 2 to 4 L of fluid daily
- D. Restrict calcium intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypercalcemia cancer's bone breakdown gift needs hydration (2-4 L/day) to flush calcium through kidneys, unless heart or renal issues say no. Stool softeners and laxatives fight constipation (a symptom), not the cause, and aren't contraindicated. Cutting calcium's pointless tumors, not diet, spike it. Nurses in hospice drill this, balancing fluid push with symptom watch (confusion, thirst), keeping comfort king in late-stage oncology care.
People with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes often show increased fasting blood glucose levels. Question: What causes these increased fasting blood glucose levels?
- A. Disturbed glucose uptake in adipose tissue due to insulin resistance
- B. Disturbed hepatic glucose uptake due to insulin resistance
- C. Disturbed suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin
- D. Disturbed hepatic glucose uptake due to reduced insulin levels in portal blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type 2's fasting high liver pumps glucose, insulin can't hush it, resistance rules. Fat uptake's small, liver uptake's not key production's the leak nurses target this, a chronic dawn gush.
The nurse caring for oncology clients knows that which form of metastasis is the most common?
- A. Bloodborne
- B. Direct invasion
- C. Lymphatic spread
- D. Via bone marrow
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Metastasis is the process by which cancer spreads from its original site to distant parts of the body, a critical concern in oncology nursing. Among the various mechanisms, bloodborne metastasis is the most common, as cancer cells often enter the bloodstream and travel to organs like the lungs, liver, or brain. This occurs because the circulatory system provides an efficient pathway for tumor cells to disseminate widely, especially in cancers like breast or lung cancer. Lymphatic spread is also frequent, particularly in carcinomas, where cells travel via lymph nodes, but it is less dominant than bloodborne spread across all cancer types. Direct invasion involves cancer growing into adjacent tissues, which is a local process rather than true metastasis. Bone marrow is not a medium for metastasis but a potential site where cancer can settle, such as in leukemia or multiple myeloma. Understanding that bloodborne metastasis predominates helps nurses prioritize monitoring for systemic symptoms and complications, such as organ dysfunction, in clients with advanced cancer.