Nokea
Hypothyroidism in adults due to an underactive thyroid is ____.
- A. Graves disease.
- B. diabetes insipidus.
- C. myxedema
- D. acromegaly.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: myxedema. Hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by an underactive thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones. Myxedema is the term used to describe severe hypothyroidism, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and swelling of the face and hands. Graves disease (choice A) is actually a cause of hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Diabetes insipidus (choice B) is a disorder related to the kidneys and has no direct connection to thyroid function. Acromegaly (choice D) is caused by excess growth hormone production, unrelated to thyroid function. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it accurately describes hypothyroidism in adults.
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Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .
- A. kidney failure
- B. tetany
- C. gigantism
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.
Two terms that are paired incorrectly are .
- A. cortisol-adrenal cortex
- B. androgens-adrenal cortex
- C. calcitonin-thyroid
- D. corticosteroid-adrenal medulla
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Cortisol is a type of corticosteroid, making choice A incorrect. Androgens are indeed produced by the adrenal cortex, making choice B correct. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid, not the adrenal cortex, making choice C incorrect. Therefore, the only pair that is incorrect is corticosteroid and adrenal medulla.
Propranolol is useful in the treatment of all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Hypertension
- B. Anxiety
- C. Heart block
- D. Angina of effort
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that slows the heart rate and reduces blood pressure. Heart block refers to a condition where the electrical signals in the heart are delayed or blocked. Propranolol can worsen heart block by further slowing down the heart rate, making it inappropriate for this condition. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
A: Propranolol is used to treat hypertension by reducing blood pressure.
B: Propranolol is effective in managing anxiety symptoms by blocking the physical manifestations of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate.
D: Propranolol is beneficial in treating angina of effort by reducing the workload of the heart and improving blood flow to the heart muscle.
In summary, the other choices (A, B, D) are correct uses of propranolol, making C the exception due to its potential to worsen heart block.
Mineralcorticoids
- A. are produced in the adrenal cortex.
- B. are steroid hormones.
- C. help regulate the homeostasis of sodium and potassium.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: 1. Mineralocorticoids are hormones produced in the adrenal cortex (A).
2. They are steroid hormones (B) that specifically regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis (C).
3. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as mineralocorticoids encompass all these characteristics. Other choices are incorrect as they do not fully encompass the functions and characteristics of mineralocorticoids.
Which of the following is descriptive of prolactin?
- A. Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
- B. Also called lactogenic hormone.
- C. Causes the milk let-down reflex.
- D. Stimulates the neurohypophysis to synthesize oxytocin.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Prolactin is also called lactogenic hormone, as it promotes milk production in the mammary glands.
2. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland.
3. Milk let-down reflex is primarily controlled by oxytocin, not prolactin.
4. Prolactin does not stimulate the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) to synthesize oxytocin.
Summary:
Choice B is correct because it accurately describes the function of prolactin in promoting lactation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect due to inaccuracies in the functions and secretion of prolactin.