Nokea
Pilocarpine is used in the treatment of:
- A. Heart failure
- B. Bronchial asthma
- C. Urinary obstruction
- D. Glaucoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic agent that stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing pupillary constriction and reducing intraocular pressure. This mechanism of action makes it effective in treating glaucoma. Heart failure (A), bronchial asthma (B), and urinary obstruction (C) are not indications for pilocarpine use based on its pharmacological properties and effects.
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The beta cells of the islets of Langerhans:
- A. are the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex.
- B. are insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.
- C. secrete releasing hormones.
- D. secrete steroids.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because beta cells of the islets of Langerhans are specialized pancreatic cells that secrete insulin, a hormone crucial for regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels. Choice A is incorrect because the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex are called adrenal cortical cells, not beta cells. Choice C is incorrect as releasing hormones are typically secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Failure of the pituitary to stop producing growth hormone (GH) after body growth is completed results in .
- A. kidney failure
- B. tetany
- C. gigantism
- D. acromegaly
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: acromegaly. After body growth is completed, excess GH production can lead to acromegaly, a condition characterized by the enlargement of bones and tissues. This occurs because GH continues to stimulate bone and tissue growth. Kidney failure (A) is not directly related to excess GH production. Tetany (B) is caused by low calcium levels, not excess GH. Gigantism (C) occurs when excess GH is produced during the growth years, leading to abnormal height, not after growth is completed. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it directly correlates with the scenario provided.
Which of These is a Male Sex Hormone?
- A. Aldosterone
- B. Androgens
- C. Pheromones
- D. Insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Androgens. Androgens are male sex hormones responsible for male characteristics like facial hair growth and deepening of voice. Aldosterone (A) is a mineralocorticoid hormone, not a sex hormone. Pheromones (C) are chemical signals, not hormones. Insulin (D) is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, not related to sex characteristics. Therefore, B is the correct choice for a male sex hormone.
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by all but:
- A. luminal peptides
- B. vagal discharge
- C. luminal acid
- D. phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: luminal acid. Gastrin secretion is primarily stimulated by the presence of luminal peptides and vagal discharge. Luminal acid inhibits gastrin secretion through negative feedback mechanisms. Phenylalanine does not directly stimulate gastrin secretion. In summary, luminal acid is the correct answer because it acts as an inhibitory factor for gastrin secretion, whereas the other choices are known stimulatory factors.
In the pancreas, which are the cells that secrete insulin?
- A. Alpha
- B. Beta
- C. Delta
- D. None
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beta cells. Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels. Alpha cells (A) secrete glucagon, Delta cells (C) secrete somatostatin, both involved in glucose metabolism, but not insulin secretion. Choice D is incorrect as the pancreas does contain cells that secrete insulin.