Nokea
Hypoxia
- A. causes hyperventilation
- B. may cause headaches, nausea, and lethargy.
- C. can lead to loss of consciousness and death
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hypoxia, which is a condition of low oxygen levels in the body, can indeed lead to hyperventilation, as the body tries to compensate. It can also cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, and lethargy due to the lack of oxygen reaching the brain and other organs. Severe hypoxia can lead to loss of consciousness and even death if oxygen levels are not restored promptly. Therefore, all the statements in choices A, B, and C are true in relation to hypoxia, making option D the correct choice.
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Oxygen dissociation curve of myoglobin is
- A. Hypobolic
- B. Hyperbolic
- C. Linear
- D. Sigmoid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperbolic. Myoglobin exhibits a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve due to its high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind oxygen quickly and efficiently at low partial pressures. This curve represents a simple one-to-one binding relationship between myoglobin and oxygen. The other choices are incorrect because A (Hypobolic) does not accurately describe myoglobin's binding characteristics, C (Linear) is not representative of the typical oxygen binding behavior of myoglobin, and D (Sigmoid) is more characteristic of hemoglobin, which exhibits cooperative binding of oxygen.
A patient asks the nurse why an infection in his upper respiratory system is affecting the clarity of his speech. Which structure serves as the patient's resonating chamber in speech?
- A. Trachea
- B. Pharynx
- C. Paranasal sinuses
- D. Larynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers in speech production due to their location near the nasal cavity and their ability to amplify sound vibrations. When infected, the sinuses can become inflamed, affecting speech clarity. The trachea (A) is a passageway for air, not involved in speech. The pharynx (B) is a common pathway for both air and food, not a resonating chamber. The larynx (D) contains the vocal cords for sound production but is not primarily responsible for speech resonance.
A sputum study has been ordered for a patient who has developed coarse chest crackles and a fever. At what time should the nurse best collect the sample?
- A. Immediately after a meal
- B. First thing in the morning
- C. At bedtime
- D. After a period of exercise
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: First thing in the morning. Sputum should be collected in the morning because it is usually more concentrated, making it easier to obtain a good sample. This is important for accurate analysis and identifying potential pathogens causing the patient's symptoms. Collecting sputum immediately after a meal may result in contamination with food particles. At bedtime, sputum may have accumulated overnight, but morning samples are still preferred due to concentration. Collecting sputum after a period of exercise may introduce respiratory secretions not reflective of the underlying condition.
The most important factor in determining the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
- A. The partial pressure of o2
- B. acidity
- C. the partial of co2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The partial pressure of O2. Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is directly related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. As the partial pressure of O2 increases, more oxygen binds to hemoglobin, leading to higher oxygen saturation. Acidity (choice B) and the partial pressure of CO2 (choice C) can influence the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, but they are not the primary factors determining oxygen saturation. Choice D is incomplete and not relevant to the question.
Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2?
- A. increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial
PCO2 - B. increased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial
PCO2 - C. increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial
PCO2 - D. decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial
PCO2
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles would decrease respiratory rate, leading to decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli. This would cause an increase in arterial PCO2 due to less CO2 being removed from the body. Therefore, choice D is correct.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not align with the physiological effects of inhibiting the medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles. Option A suggests an increase in respiratory rate and elimination of CO2, which goes against the expected decrease in these parameters. Option B proposes an increase in respiratory rate but a decrease in CO2 elimination and arterial PCO2, which is inconsistent with the expected outcomes. Option C suggests an increase in respiratory rate and CO2 elimination but a decrease in arterial PCO2, which does not follow the logic of the question.