Nokea
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
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Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?
- A. Secretes releasing hormones.
- B. Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. Secretes ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins.
- D. Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the hypothalamus does not directly secrete ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins. It secretes releasing hormones that regulate the secretion of these hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Choice A and B are correct because the hypothalamus does secrete releasing hormones and controls the anterior pituitary gland. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
Which of the following sympathomimetics is not a catecholamine:
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Noradrenaline
- C. Amphetamine
- D. Isoprenaline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is not a catecholamine because it is a synthetic drug, not naturally produced by the body like adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (B), and isoprenaline (D). Catecholamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, all of which have a catechol group in their chemical structure. Amphetamine, on the other hand, is a substituted phenethylamine with no catechol group. This distinction makes amphetamine the only non-catecholamine among the given options.
The endocrine system and the _____ system are both intimately involved in maintaining homeostasis.
- A. cardiovascular
- B. digestive
- C. nervous
- D. respiratory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: nervous. The endocrine system and the nervous system work together to regulate various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system releases hormones that control metabolism, growth, and reproduction, while the nervous system sends electrical signals to coordinate body movements and responses. Both systems communicate and coordinate with each other to ensure the body functions properly. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because although they are important systems in the body, they do not play as direct a role in maintaining homeostasis as the nervous system does.
Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves’ disease are all:
- A. thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
- B. thyroid hormone disorders caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
- C. calcium imbalances due primarily to the lack of calcitonin.
- D. disorders of thyroid gland function.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Cretinism, myxedema, and Graves' disease are all related to thyroid gland function.
Step 2: Cretinism is a congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema is adult hypothyroidism, and Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism.
Step 3: Thus, they are all disorders of thyroid gland function.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because they are not all thyroid hormone deficiency diseases.
- Choice B is incorrect because they are not all caused by oversecretion of thyroxine.
- Choice C is incorrect because they are not primarily related to calcium imbalances due to lack of calcitonin.
Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other essential bodily functions. It is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Adrenal gland primarily regulates stress response and metabolism.
B: Liver is not an endocrine gland; it is involved in metabolism and detoxification.
C: Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion but is not known as the master gland.