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Identify the type of study design described: Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days.
- A. Cohort study
- B. Case-control study
- C. Cross-sectional study
- D. Ecological study
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: This survey-based approach is characteristic of a cross-sectional study.
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What do vital statistics provide important sources of data on?
- A. Morbidity.
- B. Mortality.
- C. Health-related behaviors.
- D. Injury and disability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vital statistics also track injuries and disabilities, contributing to a comprehensive health overview.
What is the primary reason for preparing and distributing surveillance summaries?
- A. Document recent epidemiologic investigations.
- B. Provide timely information on disease patterns and trends to those who need to know it.
- C. Provide reprints of MMWR articles, reports, and recommendations.
- D. Acknowledge the contributions of those who submitted case reports.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Summaries aim to inform relevant stakeholders quickly about emerging trends and patterns.
Are you able to define the following?
- A. A system that collects information on cases of specific diseases for epidemiological study.
- B. A national survey on general health status.
- C. A program focused on nutritional assessments.
- D. An annual report on hospital admissions.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A disease registry is specifically designed to collect detailed information about cases of particular diseases, making it invaluable for tracking and studying disease patterns.
Weight, height, length is
- A. Ordinal scale
- B. Interval scale
- C. Ratio scale
- D. Nominal scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Weight, height, and length are ratio scales as they have a true zero point and allow for meaningful ratios.
Define in your own words the term 'secular changes'.
- A. Long-term trends in disease patterns over years or decades.
- B. Short-term fluctuations in health data.
- C. Changes in healthcare policies.
- D. Seasonal variations in disease incidence.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Secular changes refer to long-term trends in disease patterns, often spanning years or decades, and are distinct from short-term or seasonal variations.