Nokea
If the sphincter at the top of the stomach is not working properly what do we suffer from?
- A. Heart burn
- B. Constipation
- C. Heart attack
- D. Diarrhea
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter allows acid reflux, causing heartburn. Constipation, heart attacks, and diarrhea are unrelated to this sphincter.
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The loop of Henle pumps sodium ions from the ascending arm to the descending. What is this called?
- A. Counter current subtractor
- B. Counter current divider
- C. Counter current concentrator
- D. Counter current multiplier
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle concentrates urine by moving sodium ions.
Which structure helps to prevent a bolus of food from entering the trachea during deglutition (swallowing)?
- A. collagen
- B. cardiac sphincter
- C. larynx
- D. epiglottis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.
Fully digested food reaches to liver by
- A. Hepatic portal vein
- B. Hepatic artery
- C. Hepatic vein
- D. All the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nutrients from digested food reach the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
The structure which prevents entry of food into wind pipe during swallowing in mammals is-
- A. Larynx
- B. Glottis
- C. Epiglottis
- D. Pharynx
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The epiglottis closes over the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.
Proteins are composed of substances called
- A. lipids
- B. amino acids
- C. carbohydrates
- D. nucleotides
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Proteins are polymers of amino acids, their fundamental building blocks.