Nokea
In a study evaluating which type of road salt deices a road most quickly, what is the independent variable?
- A. Deicing time period
- B. Road used for deicing
- C. Type of road salt used
- D. Amount of road salt used
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Type of road salt used.' In an experiment, the independent variable is the one manipulated by the researcher to observe its impact on the dependent variable. In this study, the researchers are altering the type of road salt used to determine its influence on the deicing speed, thus making it the independent variable. The other choices are not the independent variable as they are not deliberately manipulated in the experiment: A - 'Deicing time period' is an outcome measure dependent on the type of salt used; B - 'Road used for deicing' is not controlled or manipulated; D - 'Amount of road salt used' would be a potential confounding variable rather than the independent variable as it could affect the outcome along with the type of salt.
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What presents the correct order of cellular respiration?
- A. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
- B. Citric Acid Cycle, Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain
- C. Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Electron Transport Chain, Citric Acid Cycle
- D. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Acetyl-CoA
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct order of cellular respiration is Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain. Glycolysis initiates the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm, leading to the formation of pyruvate. This pyruvate is then converted to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle to generate energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2. Finally, the Electron Transport Chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, utilizes these energy carriers to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with the Citric Acid Cycle, which comes after Glycolysis. Choice C is incorrect as it places the Citric Acid Cycle before the Electron Transport Chain. Choice D is incorrect by placing Acetyl-CoA last instead of before the Citric Acid Cycle.
Which type of cells are found in the hair bulb and are responsible for hair growth?
- A. Basal
- B. Epidermal
- C. Epithelial
- D. Merkel
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epithelial. The hair bulb contains actively growing epithelial cells responsible for hair growth. Basal cells are located in the basal layer of the epidermis, not specifically in the hair bulb, making choice A incorrect. Epidermal cells are part of the outer layer of the skin, so choice B is incorrect. Merkel cells are related to touch sensations in the skin, not hair growth, making choice D incorrect.
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity, located at the back of the human body?
- A. Cranial and spinal
- B. Dorsal and ventral
- C. Lateral and proximal
- D. Inferior and superior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cranial and spinal. The dorsal cavity, situated at the back of the human body, is divided into the cranial cavity (housing the brain) and the spinal cavity (housing the spinal cord). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the correct subdivisions of the dorsal cavity. Option B (Dorsal and ventral) is incorrect as it confuses the dorsal cavity with the dorsal and ventral body planes. Option C (Lateral and proximal) and option D (Inferior and superior) are incorrect as they refer to different anatomical terms that do not apply to the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity.
In a study where fish are fed different amounts of food daily for four weeks in separate tanks, with fish weight measured weekly, what is the dependent variable?
- A. Weight of the fish
- B. Type of food used
- C. Number of fish tanks
- D. Frequency of feedings
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The weight of the fish is the dependent variable in this study because it is the outcome being measured in response to the varying feeding amounts. The weight of the fish changes based on the feeding regimen, making it the dependent variable. The type of food used (choice B), number of fish tanks (choice C), and frequency of feedings (choice D) are not the dependent variables in this study. These factors may be independent variables that are manipulated or controlled in the experiment to observe their impact on the dependent variable, which is the weight of the fish.
Which muscle causes a joint to bend?
- A. Cardiac
- B. Extension
- C. Flexor
- D. Smooth
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Flexor. A flexor muscle contracts to bend a joint, such as bending the elbow or knee. Flexor muscles are responsible for flexing or bending a joint, while extensor muscles are responsible for extending or straightening a joint. Choice A, Cardiac, is incorrect as cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. Choice B, Extension, is incorrect as extension refers to the straightening or extending movement of a joint, which is opposite to bending. Choice D, Smooth, is incorrect as smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, not directly responsible for bending joints.