Nokea
In addition to heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature, the nurse needs to assess a patient's arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). What procedure will best accomplish this?
- A. Incentive spirometry
- B. Arterial blood gas (ABG) measurement
- C. Peak flow measurement
- D. Pulse oximetry
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of measuring SaO2 by using a sensor attached to a patient's fingertip, earlobe, or toe.
Step 2: It provides immediate and continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation levels in the blood, making it an efficient and reliable method.
Step 3: Pulse oximetry is widely used in clinical settings due to its accuracy and convenience.
Step 4: In contrast, the other options are not direct methods for assessing SaO2. Incentive spirometry helps improve lung function, ABG measures blood pH and gases, and peak flow measures airflow in the lungs.
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Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
- A. lung cancer
- B. atelectasis
- C. emphysema
- D. pneumothorax
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: emphysema. Emphysema is a condition characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to a decrease in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. This reduction in surface area impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. In contrast, lung cancer (A) primarily affects lung tissue but may not directly reduce alveolar surface area. Atelectasis (B) refers to the collapse of lung tissue, which can impact ventilation but not necessarily alveolar surface area. Pneumothorax (D) is the presence of air in the pleural space and does not directly affect alveolar surface area.
A person met with an accident and died instantly without any injury to heart, brain, stomach and kidney. One of the following is a reason for his death
- A. Intestine got twisted
- B. RBC became coagulated
- C. Stomach stopped digestion
- D. Diaphragm got punctured
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Diaphragm got punctured. The diaphragm is a crucial muscle responsible for breathing. If it gets punctured, it can lead to immediate death due to respiratory failure. In this scenario, since there are no injuries to vital organs like the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney, the only plausible reason for instant death would be a punctured diaphragm affecting the person's ability to breathe.
A: Intestine getting twisted would not lead to instant death without affecting the heart, brain, stomach, or kidney.
B: RBC becoming coagulated would not result in immediate death without directly impacting vital organs.
C: Stomach stopping digestion is not a life-threatening condition that would cause instant death without injury to vital organs.
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the
- A. olfactory epithelium
- B. medullary chemoreceptors
- C. aortic body
- D. carotid body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting smells, not providing chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. Medullary chemoreceptors, aortic body, and carotid body are all involved in sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels in the blood, providing crucial input to regulate breathing. The olfactory epithelium is not directly involved in respiratory regulation, making it the exception in this context.
Although carbon dioxide is normally carried by hemoglobin, the fact that carbon monoxide reduces hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity would indicate that
- A. different hemoglobins carry different gases.
- B. carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin.
- C. binding of different gases is directed by a variety of enzymes.
- D. carbon dioxide is an abnormal gas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because carbon monoxide competes with oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This is known as competitive inhibition. Other choices are incorrect because different hemoglobins do not carry different gases (A), binding of gases is not directed by enzymes in this context (C), and carbon dioxide is a normal gas in the body (D).
Which condition contributes to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing pulmonary capillary and alveolar damage?
- A. COPD
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In this case, the correct answer should be D, as pulmonary embolism can lead to secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension by causing damage to the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli, resulting in increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries.