Nokea
In CSF of a patient with viral meningitis, the most prominent white cell is usually?
- A. monocytes
- B. lymphocytes
- C. polymorphs
- D. eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Viral meningitis pulls lymphocytes immune sentinels flood CSF, not polymorphs of bacterial wars, monocytes lagging, eosinophils for worms, or vague granulocytes. It's the chronic viral signature nurses spot this shift, ruling out pus-filled bacterial chaos with one cell peek.
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A study by Epstein & Sowers found that hypertension was X times as prevalent in patients with diabetes compared to the general population. What is X?
- A. Two
- B. Three
- C. Four
- D. Five
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diabetes doubles hypertension's odds Epstein & Sowers peg it at two times higher, as insulin resistance and vascular stiffness team up, amplifying prevalence over the general crowd. Three, four, five, or six inflate the risk beyond data, skewing the synergy. This duo's frequent dance tied to shared pathways like RAAS pushes clinicians to screen harder, tackling both to cut cardiovascular and renal doom, a chronic combo grounded in solid stats.
Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) are performed in an overweight person , in whom the disturbed glucose tolerance is now diagnosed for the first time, and in a person with normal body weight who shows normal glucose values after oral glucose intake. Question: Which of the following glucose and insulin values, measured one hour after oral glucose intake, are most consistent with these two people?
- A. Glucose 12 mmol/L, Insulin 60 mU/L ; Glucose 8 mmol/L, Insulin 40 mU/L
- B. Glucose 12 mmol/L, Insulin 10 mU/L ; Glucose 8 mmol/L, Insulin 60 mU/L
- C. Glucose 8 mmol/L, Insulin 60 mU/L ; Glucose 4 mmol/L, Insulin 40 mU/L
- D. Glucose 8 mmol/L, Insulin 10 mU/L ; Glucose 4 mmol/L, Insulin 60 mU/L
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Overweight with new impaired tolerance high glucose, high insulin as fat resists; normal weight, normal test moderate glucose, steady insulin. Twelve and 60 fit the struggler; 8 and 40 the healthy nurses read this, a chronic resistance tale in numbers.
Non modifiable risk factors for developing chronic illness include:
- A. Smoking and hypertension
- B. Sedentary lifestyle and diabetes
- C. Family history and socio-political factors
- D. Working/living conditions and stress
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits or circumstances that cannot be changed, unlike modifiable factors tied to behavior or environment. Smoking and hypertension are modifiable through lifestyle changes or medical intervention, not fixed. Sedentary lifestyle is a choice, and diabetes, while influenced by genetics, is often manageable, making them modifiable. Family history, such as genetic predisposition to diseases like cancer or heart disease, is unalterable, and socio-political factors like access to healthcare shaped by policy or socioeconomic status are beyond individual control, fitting the non-modifiable category. Working and living conditions, plus stress, can be adjusted with resources or coping strategies, classifying them as modifiable. The distinction lies in control: family history and socio-political factors remain static, influencing chronic illness risk without personal alteration, as noted in foundational chronic disease literature like Farrell (2017), emphasizing genetics and societal context over mutable habits.
Which ONE of the following is consistent with scarlet fever:
- A. Punctate rash on neck and trunk
- B. Circumoral erythema
- C. Geographic tongue
- D. Only occurs in association with streptococcal pharyngitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Scarlet fever circumoral pallor, not erythema, rash, tongue, strep, peeling fit. Nurses spot this chronic strep face.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has just been given a 6-month prognosis following a diagnosis of extensive stage small-cell lung cancer. The patient states that he would like to die at home, but the team believes that the patient's care needs are unable to be met in a home environment. What might you suggest as an alternative?
- A. Discuss a referral for rehabilitation hospital
- B. Panel the patient for a personal care home
- C. Discuss a referral for acute care
- D. Discuss a referral for hospice care
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Extensive small-cell lung cancer with a 6-month clock screams end-stage hospice fits, offering comfort-focused care in settings like home (with support), hospitals, or community sites. It matches his wish to avoid aggressive fixes, unlike rehab (for recovery) or acute care (for crises). Personal care homes lack the palliative punch needed here. Hospice blends patient and family needs, easing symptoms like pain or dyspnea, a cornerstone in oncology for terminal cases where quality trumps quantity.