Nokea
In each of the following situations identify which option has the highest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission?
- A. Transmission to women OR to men during sexual intercourse
- B. Hollow-bore needle used for vascular access OR used for IM injection
- C. First 2 to 6 months of infection OR 1 year after infection
- D. Perinatal transmission from HIV-infected mothers taking antiretroviral therapy OR HIV-infected mothers using no therapy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During the acute phase of HIV infection (first 2-6 months), viral loads are extremely high, increasing the likelihood of transmission.
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Afferent lymphatic vessels do not
- A. Transport antigens from tissues to LN
- B. Enter LN at more than one site
- C. Transport antigens from blood to LN
- D. Connect tissues to secondary lymphoid organs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Afferent lymphatic vessels transport lymph containing antigens from tissues to lymph nodes (LN). Option C is correct because afferent lymphatics do not transport antigens directly from the blood to LN. Other choices are incorrect because afferent lymphatics enter LN at multiple sites (B), transport antigens from tissues to LN (A), and connect tissues to secondary lymphoid organs (D).
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
- A. The protection against smallpox that is provided by inoculation with cowpox
- B. The rapid protection that is provided by the primary immune response to a vaccine
- C. The immune protection provided to an individual after receiving serum from someone previously exposed to a pathogen
- D. Immunization of a child under the supervision of a parent or guardian
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunization involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to confer immediate protection. Choice C is correct as it describes receiving serum containing antibodies from an immune individual. Choice A is incorrect because it describes active immunization. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the primary immune response, which is part of active immunization. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of immunization itself, not passive immunization.
In a patient with a positive Chvostek’s sign, the nurse would anticipate the IV administration of which medication?
- A. Calcitonin
- B. Vitamin D
- C. Loop diuretics
- D. Calcium gluconate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chvostek’s sign indicates hypocalcemia, so calcium gluconate is administered to restore normal calcium levels.
Mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus
- A. Are all tolerant to self-antigens because all self-reactive developing T cells have been killed in the thymus
- B. Might include some self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific Ag
- C. Go first to LN where they acquire the ability to recognize antigen presented by MHC
- D. Go first to LN to be tested for self-reactivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus can include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen. This is because the process of negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells but does not catch all of them. Some self-reactive T cells may escape negative selection and circulate as mature naïve T cells. Therefore, it is possible for mature naïve T cells leaving the thymus to include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen.
Choices:
A: This is incorrect because although negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells, it does not catch all of them, so some self-reactive T cells may still be present in the mature naïve T cell population.
C: This is incorrect because mature naïve T cells already have the ability to recognize antigens presented by MHC, which is developed in the th
The patient is experiencing fibrosis and glomerulopathy a year after a kidney transplant. Which type of rejection is occurring?
- A. Acute
- B. Chronic
- C. Delayed
- D. Hyperacute
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic rejection occurs over time and involves fibrosis and structural changes in the transplanted organ.