Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Breast

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In humans, the meiotic phase with the longest duration is:

  • A. Anaphase I in males
  • B. Prophase II in males
  • C. Prophase I in females
  • D. Anaphase II in females
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Prophase I in females. Prophase I is the longest phase in meiosis due to the process of genetic recombination and crossing over. This phase involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, exchange of genetic material, and formation of chiasmata. These complex processes contribute to the extended duration of Prophase I.
Incorrect choices:
A: Anaphase I in males - Anaphase I is a relatively short phase where homologous chromosomes separate.
B: Prophase II in males - Prophase II is shorter than Prophase I as it involves the formation of new spindles and nuclear envelope breakdown.
D: Anaphase II in females - Anaphase II is also a short phase where sister chromatids separate.

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A patient states, My breasts are so small. I don’t think I will be able to breastfeed my baby. Which is the nurse’s best response?

  • A. It may be difficult but you should try anyway.
  • B. You can always supplement with formul
  • D. All women have about the same amount of glandular tissue necessary to secrete milk.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale:
- Choice D is correct as it provides accurate information that all women have sufficient glandular tissue for milk secretion, regardless of breast size.
- Breast size does not determine breastfeeding ability.
- Choices A and B lack evidence-based information and may discourage the patient or lead to misinformation.

A sign of impaired attachment between the postpartum mother and her infant is

  • A. decreasing maternal interaction with the infant over time
  • B. maternal request to rest and refuse visitors
  • C. maternal encouragement for family members to hold the infant
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Decreased interaction may indicate difficulties in bonding between the mother and infant.

To prevent contamination and encourage drying of the umbilical cord stump, caregivers should be advised to

  • A. give the newborn daily tub baths
  • B. pull on the cord stump daily
  • C. fold diapers down to avoid covering the cord stump
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Keeping the cord stump exposed to air promotes drying and reduces infection risk.

What type of medication would the nurse prepare to speak about with a patient recently diagnosed with endometriosis?

  • A. oral contraceptives
  • B. selective serotonin inhibitors
  • C. dopamine agonist
  • D. bisphosphonates
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives are commonly prescribed for managing endometriosis by regulating the menstrual cycle and reducing symptoms. They help control estrogen levels, which can alleviate pain and inflammation associated with endometriosis. Selective serotonin inhibitors (B) are used for treating depression and anxiety, not endometriosis. Dopamine agonists (C) are used for conditions like Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia, not endometriosis. Bisphosphonates (D) are used to treat osteoporosis, not endometriosis. Therefore, oral contraceptives are the most appropriate medication to discuss with a patient diagnosed with endometriosis.

The inner part of the intervertebral disc is called the:

  • A. Nucleus fibrosus
  • B. Annulus fibrosus
  • C. Nucleus pulposus
  • D. Annulus pulposus
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nucleus pulposus. The nucleus pulposus is the inner gel-like core of the intervertebral disc that provides cushioning and flexibility. It consists of water, proteoglycans, and cells. The annulus fibrosus (choice B) is the outer ring of tough fibrous tissue surrounding the nucleus pulposus. Nucleus fibrosus (choice A) and Annulus pulposus (choice D) are not anatomically correct terms and do not describe the inner part of the intervertebral disc.

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