Nokea
In Pneumoconiosis all are included except
- A. Asbestosis
- B. Silicosis
- C. Anthracosis
- D. Bagasosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bagasosis is not a type of pneumoconiosis; it is a respiratory condition caused by exposure to sugarcane dust.
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First step of epidemic investigation?
- A. Preparing case definition
- B. Mapping the epidemic
- C. Confirmation
- D. Searching for the cases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The first step in investigating an epidemic is to confirm the existence of the outbreak through verification of cases.
What are key sources of morbidity data?
- A. Environmental monitoring data.
- B. Hospital discharge data.
- C. Laboratory results.
- D. Notifiable disease reports.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Notifiable disease reports provide critical data on specific diseases of public health importance.
Surgeons at hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a 1-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At hospital B, the surgeons report a 1-year mortality rate of 8% after the same procedure. Before concluding that the surgeons at hospital B had vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounding factors would you examine?
- A. The severity(stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline.
- B. The start of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals(after operation versus after discharge).
- C. Differences in postoperative care at the two hospitals.
- D. Equality of follow-up for mortality.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed factors (a-d) could contribute to differences in mortality rates, making 'all of the above' the most comprehensive answer. Since we shift 'E' options to 'D', D is correct.
In supervision the most appropriate word is
- A. Enforcement
- B. Reinforcement
- C. Suggestion
- D. Inspection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Supervision involves providing constructive suggestions and guidance.
When is initiating surveillance for a new public health problem justified?
- A. If it is a communicable disease with a high case-fatality rate.
- B. If the problem is new and systematically collected data are needed to characterize the disease.
- C. If a program at CDC has recommended its addition to better understand national trends and patterns.
- D. To guide, monitor, and evaluate programs to prevent or control the problem.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Surveillance is essential to guide and evaluate prevention and control strategies.