Nokea
In the cytoplasm of some bacteria there are substances in the form of granules. They are:
- A. cytoplasmic inclusions
- B. excess products of the metabolism
- C. reserve substances
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Cytoplasmic inclusions in bacteria refer to substances like granules. These granules can be excess products of metabolism or reserve substances stored for future use. Therefore, all of the choices are correct as cytoplasmic inclusions can be any of these substances. A is correct as it directly refers to cytoplasmic inclusions. B is correct as some granules can be excess metabolic products. C is correct as certain granules can serve as reserve substances. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it encompasses all the possible types of substances found as cytoplasmic inclusions in bacteria.
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The antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by:
- A. algae
- B. slime molds
- C. fungi
- D. protozoans
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: fungi. Both penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by certain species of fungi. Penicillin is derived from the Penicillium fungi, while cephalosporin is produced by Cephalosporium fungi. Fungi have the ability to synthesize these antibiotics as part of their defense mechanisms against other microorganisms. Algae (A), slime molds (B), and protozoans (D) do not have the capability to produce antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin. Algae are mainly photosynthetic organisms, slime molds are protists that lack the ability to synthesize complex antibiotics, and protozoans are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that do not produce antibiotics like fungi do.
Which toxin is specific for ETEC:
- A. TSST-1
- B. Shiga-like toxin
- C. Erythrogenic toxin
- D. LT enterotoxin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: LT enterotoxin. This toxin is specific for Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and is responsible for causing diarrhea by increasing cyclic AMP levels in intestinal cells. TSST-1 (choice A) is produced by Staphylococcus aureus, not ETEC. Shiga-like toxin (choice B) is produced by Shigella and EHEC, not ETEC. Erythrogenic toxin (choice C) is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, not ETEC. Therefore, the LT enterotoxin is the specific toxin associated with ETEC.
The first grade pupils were examined in order to sort out children for tuberculosis revaccination. What test was applied for this purpose?
- A. Mantoux test
- B. Schick test
- C. Anthraxine test
- D. Burnet test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is used to detect tuberculosis infection by injecting a small amount of tuberculin under the skin and checking for a reaction. This test helps identify individuals who have been exposed to tuberculosis. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Schick test is used to determine immunity to diphtheria, not tuberculosis. C: Anthraxine test is used for anthrax, not tuberculosis. D: Burnet test is not a recognized medical test for tuberculosis.
Which of the following statements regarding S. aureus is not true:
- A. Producing hemolysins, leucocidins, enterotoxin
- B. Colonies with beta-hemolytic zones
- C. Always sensitive to penicillin
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: S. aureus is known to produce hemolysins, leucocidins, and enterotoxin.
Step 2: S. aureus colonies usually exhibit golden-yellow pigmentation with beta-hemolytic zones.
Step 3: S. aureus has developed resistance to penicillin due to the production of beta-lactamase.
Step 4: Therefore, statement C is not true as S. aureus is not always sensitive to penicillin.
Summary: Choices A and B are correct statements about S. aureus, while choice C is incorrect due to the increasing penicillin resistance seen in S. aureus.
Artificial active immunity occurs after a vaccination: injecting or taking antigens by mouth. Takes time for T and B cells to be activated but gives relatively long lasting:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Vaccination introduces antigens to stimulate immune response.
2. T and B cells are activated to produce memory cells for long-lasting protection.
3. Active immunity develops over time post-vaccination.
4. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the process and outcomes.
5. Choice B is incorrect as it contradicts the process of active immunity.
6. Choice C is incorrect as the process of active immunity is consistent regardless of the situation.
7. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it aligns with the mechanism and characteristics of artificial active immunity.